An interactive deep learning-based approach reveals mitochondrial cristae topologies

Outer and inner mitochondrial membranes are highly specialized structures with distinct functional properties. Reconstructing complex 3D ultrastructural features of mitochondrial membranes at the nanoscale requires analysis of large volumes of serial scanning electron tomography data. While deep-learning-based methods improved in sophistication recently, time-consuming human intervention processes remain major roadblocks for efficient and accurate analysis of organelle ultrastructure. In order to overcome this limitation, we developed a deep-learning image analysis platform called Python-based Human-In-the-LOop Workflows (PHILOW). Our implementation of an iterative segmentation algorithm and Three-Axis-Prediction method not only improved segmentation speed, but also provided unprecedented ultrastructural detail of whole mitochondria and cristae. Using PHILOW, we found that 42% of cristae surface exhibits tubular structures that are not recognizable in light microscopy and 2D electron microscopy. Furthermore, we unraveled a fundamental new regulatory function for the dynamin-related GTPase Optic Atrophy 1 (OPA1) in controlling the balance between lamellar versus tubular cristae subdomains.

Caries Inhibition of Pit and Fissure Non Cavitated Lesions in Children by Low Level Lasers – A Clinical Study

Background: The incipient non-cavitated carious lesion are characterized by subsurface dissolution which have potential to remineralize. Traditional remineralization protocols have varying results. An effective remineralizing protocol thus would be one which brings about a change in enamel crystal and makes it more resistant to acidic challenges of oral cavity. Material & Methods: 102 patients of either sex, between age of 6 - 18 years having incipient pit and fissure caries on first or second mandibular molar were selected and its respective contralateral tooth type served as control. Occlusal scanning for both groups was done by LASER fluorescence method (DIAGNOdent) and this was baseline value. Group B (Test) was irradiated with 810 nm AlGaAs low level LASER for 30 seconds followed by application of CPP-ACP F remineralizing paste. In Group a (Control) only remineralization paste was applied. The LASER fluorescence values were recorded after 7 days and the treatment protocol repeated. 18 months follow up at 6 monthly intervals included LASER fluorescence serial scanning. Fall in values from baseline indicates remineralization. Statistical analysis was done.