Comparisons of pyrolysis parameters between source rocks and their clay-sized fractions: Implication for source material of hydrocarbon generation

In natural environments, organic-clay interactions are strong and cause organo-clay composites (a combination between organic matter [OM] and clay minerals) to be one of the predominant forms for OM occurrence, and their interactions greatly influence the hydrocarbon (HC) generation of OM within source rocks. However, despite occurring in nature, dominating the OM occurrence, and having unique HC generation ways, organo-clay composites have rarely been investigated as stand-alone petroleum precursors. To improve this understanding, we have compared the Rock-Eval pyrolysis parameters derived from more than 100 source rocks and their corresponding <2 μm clay-sized fractions (representing organo-clay composites). The results show that all of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis parameters in bulk rocks are closely positively correlated with those in their clay-sized fractions, but in clay-sized fractions the quality of OM for HC generation is poorer, in that the pyrolysable organic carbon levels and hydrogen index values are lower, whereas the residual organic carbon levels are higher than those in bulk rocks. Being integrated with the effects of organic-clay interactions on OM occurrence and HC generation, our results suggest that organo-clay composites are stand-alone petroleum precursors for HC generation occurring in source rocks, even if the source rocks exist in great varieties in their attributes. Our source material for HC generation comprehensively integrates the original OM occurrence and HC generation behavior in natural environments, which differs from kerogen and is much closer to the actual source material of HC generation in source rocks, and it calls for further focus on organic-mineral interactions in studies of petroleum systems.

Deformations of weakly lithifed rocks of the Bazhenov-Georgievsky complex

Research subject. Deposits of the Upper Jurassic Bazhenov-Georgievsky complex situated in central West Siberian regions. At a frst approximation, the deposits are represented by interlayering pure or carbonatized radiolarites and organic-clay mixites. Materials and methods. A collection of core samples taken from the deposits was analyzed to study the geological and geophysical features of borehole sections, photographs of core samples, and micrographs of thin section. Soft sediment deformations, which appeared within the Bazhenov-Georgievsky complex as a result of earthquakes, were investigated using data obtained by Chinese researchers. Results. It is shown that, at different stages of diagenesis, layers with sharply differing density and mechanical properties came into contact, which led to various deformations of weakly lithifed layers during earthquakes. In the early and middle diagenesis, mobile carbonated radiolarites deformed plastic clay interlayers with the formation of carbonate nodules. In the middle diagenesis, in radiolarites, areas of weak lithifcation and mobile radiolarites coexisted. Along with plastic deformations, the processes of autobrecciation and autofluid fracturing of radiolarites, abrasion erosion of the boundaries of clayey varieties took place. In the late diagenesis, lithifed varieties predominated in radiolarites and clayey silicites; as a result of deformations, radiolarites and the argillaceous bridges separating them were transformed into fragments, polished surfaces, and pellets. If, under the influence of differential loads, fluidization (softening) and movement of weakly lithifed radiolarites occurred, then the rates of such movements in adjacent layers inevitably differed. Each of the described cases is demonstrated by the core material of specifc boreholes and petrographic thin sections. The scale of the phenomenon is shown from the signs of loading of millimeter interlayers to pressure shafts of brecciated limestones with a thickness of 7–10 m. Conclusions. The West Siberian Plate is epicontinental; therefore, the most intense earthquakes occurred at consolidated basement block boundaries during isostatic subduction and compensations in the Neocomian clinoform ultrafast sedimentation zones. Soft sediment deformations occurred within the Bazhenov-Georgievsky layers recorded the rock history of intense seismic events of the past, their temporary and spatial distribution.

Pengujian mekanis komposit rice starch – organic clay sebagai bahan alternatif kotak pendingin makanan

Sampah plastik sudah menjadi permasalahan yang menjadi isu utama mengenai sampah di dunia saat ini. Produksi plastik di dunia sudah mencapai 8300 juta metrik ton (Mt) dari tahun 1950 sampai tahun 2015 dan 6.300 Mt adalah limbah berupa sampah plastik. Upaya yang bisa kita lakukan untuk mengurangi limbah plastik ini, dengan menggunakan plastik yang ramah lingkungan seperti bio-plastik. Bio-plastik dapat terurai di alam secara alami. Berbagai teknologi pembuatan bioplastik berdasarkan dari tumbuhan yang dapat tumbuh di Indonesia telah diperkenalkan, termoplastic tersebut menggunakan bahan dasar pati terutama corn starch (kanji) dan getah pohon pinus. Pembuatan plastic dari rice starch (beras) pada penelitian ini. dilakukan dengan bantuan penggunaan gliserol, citric acid dan clay (tanah liat) dan selanjutnya dilakukan pemanasan 100°C sampai 150°C. Komposit bioplastik yang terbentuk dicetak untuk pembuatan specimen uji tarik dan untuk material kotak pendingin makanan. Adanya campuran gliserol dan citric acid dapat membantu proses biodegradable komposit tersebut. Sedangkan campuran tanah liat digunakan untuk membantu matrik plastic agar lebih kuat secara struktur serta diharapkan akan dapat meningkatkan tahanan termalnya.

Pengaruh Penambahan Abu Cangkang Kelapa Sawit pada Tanah Lempung dengan Uji Direct Shear

The purpose of the study was to analyze the results of the physical properties of the clay used and to analyze the effect of adding oil palm shell ash to the clay on the direct shear test. From the results of testing the physical properties of the soil, the soil samples came from Jalan Yusuf Bauty, District. Somba Opu, Gowa Regency is an organic clay soil with moderate plasticity, according to the USCS soil classification system, the soil is classified as fine-grained OH group (organic clay with moderate plasticity and according to the AASTHO system the soil sample includes A-7-5. Direct Shear Test) with the addition of oil palm shell ash from the three samples, it can be seen that oil palm shell ash is able to increase cohesion (c) at each percentage addition of oil palm shell ash, but at the shear angle there is an erratic addition at each percentage addition of shell ash. palm oil, this is because oil palm shell ash only has tensile stress as a binder. From the results of research conducted, the addition of oil palm shell ash has an effect on shear strength, this shows that oil palm shell ash can be used for stabilization,

Strength Characterisation of Nanochemical Stabilized Kuttanad Clay for Pavement Construction

Kuttanad clays are low strength, soft, organic clay deposits found in the Kuttanad areas of the Alappuzha district, Kerala. Lots of failures have been reported to the structures built over it due to its swelling - shrinking characteristics. To enhance the load-bearing capacity and decrease the settlement characteristics, the addition of appropriate stabilizing agents is considered the most efficient technique in soil stabilization applications. Soil stabilization techniques using traditional stabilizers in mass projects have become costly due to the increase in the cost of materials like cement, lime, fly ash, etc. Moreover, cement production also accounts for global warming due to the emission of carbon gas. Hence studies are going on regarding the effectiveness of using non-traditional materials that can react faster as stabilizing agents and thus reducing the cost of construction. This paper focuses on studying the suitability of a non-traditional nanotechnology-based organo-silane compound in the treatment of Kuttanad clay soils. Observations were made for the variation in the strength characteristics of the soil such as maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR) strength of samples stabilized with varying dosages of nanochemical for curing periods up to 28days.