Studies of Reasonable Magnitude of Additional Force And Effect of Reinforcement In Reinforcing of Steel Truss Structure

When the truss structure is reinforced in operating state the additional force is given to it.We propose the method for determining the reasonable magnitude of additional force to reduce the internal force by minimum condition strain energy of truss

The Continuity of God’s Commands

For Barth, the command of God is a moral norm, which pertains to human action as such, and not only to a particular way of acting or form of life. As a moral norm, so understood, it should be rationally intelligible. A minimum condition of its rational intelligibility is its continuity from one instance of divine commanding to another. Yet Barth seems to deny the continuity of God’s commands by insisting that they are irreducibly particular requirements issued by God in distinct events of encounter with a human being. However, Barth also insists that particular commands are all specifications of what is finally the one command of God and that they thereby exhibit a formal consistency in their multiplicity. And he insists that God’s commands exhibit the constancy of what he takes to be the character or standards that will always pertain to them. Nevertheless, Barth’s effort to demonstrate the constancy of God’s commands fails, leaving him vulnerable to the charge that God’s particular commands are arbitrary.

Mass-Zero constrained dynamics and statistics for the shell model in magnetic field

In several domains of physics, including first principle simulations and classical models for polarizable systems, the minimization of an energy function with respect to a set of auxiliary variables must be performed to define the dynamics of physical degrees of freedom. In this paper, we discuss a recent algorithm proposed to efficiently and rigorously simulate this type of systems: the Mass-Zero (MaZe) Constrained Dynamics. In MaZe, the minimum condition is imposed as a constraint on the auxiliary variables treated as degrees of freedom of zero inertia driven by the physical system. The method is formulated in the Lagrangian framework, enabling the properties of the approach to emerge naturally from a fully consistent dynamical and statistical viewpoint. We begin by presenting MaZe for typical minimization problems where the imposed constraints are holonomic and summarizing its key formal properties, notably the exact Born–Oppenheimer dynamics followed by the physical variables and the exact sampling of the corresponding physical probability density. We then generalize the approach to the case of conditions on the auxiliary variables that linearly involve their velocities. Such conditions occur, for example, when describing systems in external magnetic field and they require to adapt MaZe to integrate semiholonomic constraints. The new development is presented in the second part of this paper and illustrated via a proof-of-principle calculation of the charge transport properties of a simple classical polarizable model of NaCl.

Wavelength Optimization in the Multispectral Photoacoustic Tomography of the Lymphatic Drainage in Mice

Multispectral photoacoustic tomography provides a mapping of the tissue chromophore distribution by using a broad range of tunable laser wavelengths. While a large number of employed wavelengths may improve the separation of exogenous and endogenous chromophores, it also decreases the temporal resolution and increases the total energy deposition, which can cause bleaching of fluorescent dyes. With the overall goal of studying the dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid in mice in vivo, the work in this thesis aims to minimize the number of wavelengths in order to reduce the scanning time, improve the temporal resolution, reduce the energy deposition into the tissue and avoid photobleaching of the tracers while maintaining high image quality. Two methods were used to select small sets of wavelengths: the first method of wavelength selection was based on the minimization of the condition number of the extinction matrix, and the second method was based on the peak signal-to-noise ratio optimization of the chromophore images. 3 wavelengths set was selected based on minimum condition number proved to be enough to maintain good image quality and accurate mapping for chromophores and tracer.

Wavelength Optimization in the Multispectral Photoacoustic Tomography of the Lymphatic Drainage in Mice

Multispectral photoacoustic tomography provides a mapping of the tissue chromophore distribution by using a broad range of tunable laser wavelengths. While a large number of employed wavelengths may improve the separation of exogenous and endogenous chromophores, it also decreases the temporal resolution and increases the total energy deposition, which can cause bleaching of fluorescent dyes. With the overall goal of studying the dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid in mice in vivo, the work in this thesis aims to minimize the number of wavelengths in order to reduce the scanning time, improve the temporal resolution, reduce the energy deposition into the tissue and avoid photobleaching of the tracers while maintaining high image quality. Two methods were used to select small sets of wavelengths: the first method of wavelength selection was based on the minimization of the condition number of the extinction matrix, and the second method was based on the peak signal-to-noise ratio optimization of the chromophore images. 3 wavelengths set was selected based on minimum condition number proved to be enough to maintain good image quality and accurate mapping for chromophores and tracer.

The O2 aurora observed by the TIMED/SABER satellite

<p>We studied O<sub>2</sub> aurora based on the observations of O<sub>2</sub> emission at 1.27 μm from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument during the nighttime over 18 years. The horizontal structure and vertical profile of O<sub>2</sub> auroral volume emission rate is obtained after removing O<sub>2</sub> nightglow contamination. The O<sub>2</sub> auroral intensity varies between 0.14 and 5.97 kR, and the peak volume emission rate varies between 0.97 × 10<sup>2</sup> and 41.01 × 10<sup>2</sup> photons cm<sup>−3</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. The O<sub>2 </sub>auroral intensity and peak volume emission rate exponentially increases with increasing Kp index, whereas the peak height decreases with increasing Kp index. The O<sub>2</sub> auroral intensity and peak volume emission rate under solar minimum condition are larger than those under solar maximum condition. The peak height under solar minimum condition is lower than that under solar maximum condition.</p>

China’s Policy and Rule-Making Activities on Outer Space: The Case of Preventing Arms Race from the Global Commons Perspective

As China is rising as a space power, it intends to be more active in participating international rule-making activities. International legal rules are needed for the purpose of preserving peaceful order, which is the minimum condition of the outer space as a global common. Under the Conference of Disarmament, China, together with Russian Federation, advanced a draft treaty on the issue of prevention of arms race in outer space. For raising consents among states in the process of international rule-making, China’s policy and rule-making activities have to supply clear solutions to the divergent core issues including arms race, space weapons, use of force and threat of force in outer space, etc. Furthermore, as trust and confidence are imperative to any meaningful norm-setting agenda in international community, China can significantly improve the endeavour in international rule-making through strengthening its credibility.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON THE VALUE OF THE BUSINESS

This article is devoted to the analysis of influence the capital structure on the value of a business using the example of PJSC "Rosneft". The article analyzes the capital structure of PJSC "Rosneft" and determines the most optimal one based on generalizing the relevant criteria - minimizing the weighted average cost of capital, maximizing net profit per 1 ruble. equity capital and compliance with the minimum condition for financial stability.