Kinetic Interaction of Hexan Conversion and Oxidation on the Surface of an Al2O3 Nanocatalyzer at Room Temperature under the Effect of Gamma Radiation

The kinetic and temperature dependencies of the conversion of hexane to gas and liquid oxide products on the surface of the nano-Al2O3 catalyst in the homo and hetero phase were investigated and compared. The rate of hexane conversion in air in different phases at temperature ∆T = 180–2000 C was determined ((a) 10–15% from the homo phase in the hetero phase; (b) thermal 12–17%; (c) radiation-thermal 14–22%). It is shown that the excess electron density formed in radiation defects migrates from the surface to the adsorbents, thereby weakening the intramolecular chemical bonds of the adsorbent and accelerating the decomposition processes investigated.

Kinetics of Arsenic Accumulation and its Impact on Biochemical Responses of Brassica juncea

Arsenic (As) contamination of the environment is a widespread problem with the situation at its worst in the South Asian region of West Bengal, India, and Bangladesh. In order to cope up with the problem and to be able to engineer plants in near future, there is a need to thoroughly understand the kinetics of As uptake and its impact on responses of plants. In this work, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern was used as a model system to understand kinetic interaction between As uptake and transport to the shoot and corresponding biochemical responses. The seedlings of B. juncea were exposed to 100 μM arsenite [As(III)] in hydroponics for different time points of 1, 4, and 24 hours. The As concentration was found to show a gradual increase in different tissues with time and the level of As followed the order: lower root greator than upper root greator than shoot greator than top leaves at all the times points. However, the level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the activities of NADPH oxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate oxidase (AO) were increased even at 1 h in lower shoot and leaves. The expression of transporters genes, NIP1;1, NIP2;1, NIP5;1 and NIP6;1 was found significantly up-regulated at 24 hours. This work establishes a kinetic relationship between As accumulation and ensuing biochemical responses in B. juncea.

Classical Model of Quons

By using the kinetic interaction principle, the quons statistics in the framework of kinetic theory is introduced. This is done by properly generalizing the inclusion/exclusion principle of standard boson and fermion statistics within a nonlinear classical model. The related nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation is introduced and the corresponding steady distribution describing quons statistics of type I and type II is derived.

Choice of Muscular Forces for Motion Control of a Robot Arm with Biarticular Muscles

The contribution of biarticular muscles to the control of robotic arms and legs has recently attracted great interest in the field of robotics. The advantages of using biarticular muscles under kinetic interaction with the external environment have been well studied; however, the contribution of the muscles to the motion control of articulated robot arms under no kinetic interaction appears to remain an unclear issue, especially for robot arms of which the muscles are directly anchored to their links, which induces a change in the moment arms to allow the muscles to generate joint torques and permit point-to-point motion control to their desired postures in a feedforward manner with constant muscular forces. This paper presents a case study in which the role of biarticular muscles in the motion control of an articulated robot arm was investigated, focusing on the feature of its redundancy actuation, which allows an arbitrary choice from infinite combinations of muscular forces, realizing motion control to a desired posture. The numerical analysis in this paper addresses three typical combination choices. Mappings from muscular forces to desired postures are calculated in the analysis of the three choices. The simulation results of motion control executed according to the three mappings are also analyzed. The analysis indicates the interesting results that biarticular muscles do not contribute to the desired postures and that a very weak dependence property of monoarticular muscles on the desired postures exists for a particular choice. The simulation results also demonstrate that the implementation of one choice results in a degraded motion control performance as compared with that of the two other choices.