Request Fulfilling: When Citizens Demand Clientelist Benefits

Traditional accounts of clientelism typically focused on patron–client relations with minimal scope for citizen autonomy. Despite the heightened agency of many contemporary citizens, most studies continue to depict clientelism as a phenomenon that is firmly under elite control. The prevailing tendency is to view clientelism as a top-down process in which machines target citizens with offers of material benefits. Without denying the importance of elites, we emphasize the role of citizen demands in clientelism. Citizens often approach machines of their own volition to ask for help and may vote for a competitor if requests are unfulfilled. In response to these citizens, machines often engage in what we call “request fulfilling.” Interviews with citizens and politicians, coupled with cross-national survey data from Africa and Latin America, suggest the importance of this phenomenon. In addition, Argentine survey data in studies by Stokes and Nichter are better explained by request fulfilling than alternative explanations.

MODEL LINEAR GOAL PROGRAMMING UNTUK MENENTUKAN KAPASITAS TRAFIK BTS PADA SISTEM TELEKOMUNIKASI SELULER GSM

A BTS (Base Transceiver Station) is an element that has an important role as a receiver and transmitter of signals. A call request from a mobile phone to another through a BTS will be connected if there is a channel available. In the situation of overload, it is necessary to optimize the use of the bandwidth. This research consider the problem of optimizing the use of BTS’s bandwidth by users at four regions of Surabaya. The problem is represented as a mathematical model of the preemptive linear goal programming. The model has two optimization goals with the priority level. The method of sequential goal programming is used. Based on the solution, BTS traffic capacity can accommodate all the traffic demand from cellular phone users if the region A has 131,58 Erlang, region B has 1.425,45 Erlang, region C has 351,4 Erlang, and region D has 619,57 Erlang. The total capacity of traffic does not exceed the total capacity of BTS, because the total traffic capacity is decrease by 81,67 Erlang. The study also shows that a changing in the order of objective goal is not recommended.

Mobile WiMAX Bandwidth Reservation Thresholds

This paper addresses the issue of wireless bandwidth partitioning of a Mobile WiMAX cell. The authors consider a Complete Partitioning strategy, where the wireless bandwidth capacity of a cell is divided into trunks. Each partition is strictly reserved to a particular type of connection. Four IEEE 802.16e 2005 service classes are distinguished: UGS, rtPS, nrtPS, and ErtPS. The authors consider mobility and differentiate new call request from handoffs. In addition, the authors take into consideration the Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) scheme, through the partition of the cell into different areas associated to a particular modulation and coding scheme. The purpose of the paper is to determine, using an analytical model and a heuristic approach, the nearly optimal sizes of the partition sizes dedicated to each type of connection, which is characterized by its service class, type of request and modulation, and coding scheme.

Mobile WiMAX Bandwidth Reservation Thresholds

This paper addresses the issue of wireless bandwidth partitioning of a Mobile WiMAX cell. The authors consider a Complete Partitioning strategy, where the wireless bandwidth capacity of a cell is divided into trunks. Each partition is strictly reserved to a particular type of connection. Four IEEE 802.16e 2005 service classes are distinguished: UGS, rtPS, nrtPS, and ErtPS. The authors consider mobility and differentiate new call request from handoffs. In addition, the authors take into consideration the Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) scheme, through the partition of the cell into different areas associated to a particular modulation and coding scheme. The purpose of the paper is to determine, using an analytical model and a heuristic approach, the nearly optimal sizes of the partition sizes dedicated to each type of connection, which is characterized by its service class, type of request and modulation, and coding scheme.