An Analytic Model for Reducing Authentication Signaling Traffic in an End-to-End Authentication Scheme

In an end-to-end authentication (E2EA) scheme, the physician, patient, and sensor nodes authenticate each other through the healthcare service provider in three phases: the long-term authentication phase (LAP), short-term authentication phase (SAP), and sensor authentication phase (WAP). Once the LAP is executed between all communication nodes, the SAP is executed (m) times between the physician and patient by deriving a new key from the PSij key generated by healthcare service provider during the LAP. In addition, the WAP is executed between the connected sensor and patient (m + 1) times without going back to the service provider. Thus, it is critical to determine an appropriate (m) value to maintain a specific security level and to minimize the cost of E2EA. Therefore, we proposed an analytic model in which the authentication signaling traffic is represented by a Poisson process to derive an authentication signaling traffic cost function for the (m) value. wherein the residence time of authentication has three distributions: gamma, hypo-exponential, and exponential. Finally, using the numerical analysis of the derived cost function, an optimal value (m) that minimizes the authentication signaling traffic cost of the E2EA scheme was determined.

Pengurangan Beban Signaling Processing Unit Pada Penggunaan Smartphone Dengan metode EFD

Absrak---Dengan laju pertumbuhan smartphone yang cepat, operator dihadapkan pada permasalahan padatnyajaringan dan menurunnya performansi jaringan. Permasalahan padatnya jaringan ini salah satunya ditimbulkanoleh tingginya signaling traffic yang sebagian besar disebabkan oleh pemakaian paket data oleh smartphone.Enhanced Fast Dormancy (EFD) dapat dijadikan solusi untuk mengurangi beban pada Signaling Processing Unit(SPU) yang diakibatkan tingginya signaling traffic smartphone. Dengan mekanisme state transition pada EFD, userequiptment (UE) diatur untuk memilih Cell/URA_PCH atau Cell_FACH untuk diduduki setelah koneksi selesaidaripada kembali ke idle mode. Dikarenakan Cell/URA_PCH dan Cell_FACH state memerlukan lebih sedikitsignaling message daripada koneksi data konvensional, signaling traffic berkurang dan pemakaian resourcesemakin efisien. Setelah EFD diaktifkan pada RNC Semarang, signaling traffic yang terukur pada SPU berkurangdari 70% menjadi 53,57%. Menurunnya SPU Load setelah aktivasi EFD juga mengakibatkan perbaikanperformansi jaringan 3G – Packet Switch pada RNC Semarang.

Practical Aspects Regarding Conditions of Closing Traffic and Setting Traffic Restrictions for Both the Execution of Works in Public Roads Area and/or the Protection of Roads

Institutions and authorities involved in organizing, structuring and signaling traffic are represented, on one hand, by the Romanian Police through its structures of traffic police as the main body with responsibilities in the field and, on the other, by the administrators of public roads depending on material and territorial competence. The administrators of public roads are those mentioned in the Government Ordinance no. 43/1997 regarding the legal regime of roads, as amended to date, namely: the National Company of Administration of Roads Infrastructure subordinated to the Ministry of Transportation – for national roads, the County Councils – for county roads and the Local Councils – for local interest roads, national or county road sectors, including artwork, arrangements and related accessories, located in built-up urban areas. In their turn, the County and Local Councils operate in the organization and systematization of traffic by both the Commission of Systematization of Roads and the committees of single agreement.