An FPGA Based Hardware Accelerator for Remote Surveillance Cameras

<p>The Blackeye II camera, produced by Kinopta, is used for remote security, conservation and traffic flow surveillance. The camera uses an image sensor to acquire photographs which undergo image processing and JPEG encoding on a microprocessor. Although the microprocessor performs other tasks, it is the processing and encoding of images that limit the frame rate of the camera to 2 frames per second (fps). Clients have requested an increase to 12.5 fps while adding more image processing to each photograph. The current microprocessor-based system is unable to achieve this. Custom digital logic systems perform well on processes that naturally form a pipeline, such as the Blackeye II image processing system. This project develops a digital logic system based on an FPGA to receive images from the image sensor, perform the required image processing operations, encode the images in JPEG format and send them on to the microprocessor. The objective is to implement a proof of concept device based upon the Blackeye II’s existing hardware and an FPGA development board. It will implement the proposed pipeline including one example of an image processing operation. A JPEG encoder is designed to process the 752 × 480 greyscale photographs from the image processor in real time. The JPEG encoder consists of four stages: discrete cosine transform (DCT), quantisation, zig-zag buffer and Huffman encoder. The DCT design is based upon the work of Woods et al. [1], which is improved on. An analysis of the relationship between precision and accuracy in the DCT and quantisation stages is used to minimise the system’s resource requirements. The JPEG encoder is successfully tested in simulation. Input and output stages are added to the design. The input stage receives data from the image sensor and removes breaks in the data stream. The output stage must concatenate the data from the JPEG encoder and transmit it to the microprocessor via the microprocessor’s ISI (image sensor interface) peripheral. An image sharpening filter is developed and inserted into the pipeline between the input and JPEG encoder. Because remote surveillance cameras are battery powered, the minimisation of power consumption is a key concern. To minimise power consumption a mechanism is introduced to track those modules in the pipeline that are in use at any time. Any not in use are paused by gating the module’s clock source. Once the system is complete and tested in simulation it is loaded into hardware. The FPGA development board is attached to the image sensor board and microprocessor board of the Blackeye II camera by a purpose-built breakout board. Plugging the microprocessor board into a PC provides a live stream of images proving the successful operation of the FPGA system. The project objectives were exceeded by increasing the frame rate of the Blackeye II to 20 fps, which will not decrease with additional image processing operations. The project was viewed as a success by Kinopta, who have committed to its further development.</p>

An FPGA Based Hardware Accelerator for Remote Surveillance Cameras

<p>The Blackeye II camera, produced by Kinopta, is used for remote security, conservation and traffic flow surveillance. The camera uses an image sensor to acquire photographs which undergo image processing and JPEG encoding on a microprocessor. Although the microprocessor performs other tasks, it is the processing and encoding of images that limit the frame rate of the camera to 2 frames per second (fps). Clients have requested an increase to 12.5 fps while adding more image processing to each photograph. The current microprocessor-based system is unable to achieve this. Custom digital logic systems perform well on processes that naturally form a pipeline, such as the Blackeye II image processing system. This project develops a digital logic system based on an FPGA to receive images from the image sensor, perform the required image processing operations, encode the images in JPEG format and send them on to the microprocessor. The objective is to implement a proof of concept device based upon the Blackeye II’s existing hardware and an FPGA development board. It will implement the proposed pipeline including one example of an image processing operation. A JPEG encoder is designed to process the 752 × 480 greyscale photographs from the image processor in real time. The JPEG encoder consists of four stages: discrete cosine transform (DCT), quantisation, zig-zag buffer and Huffman encoder. The DCT design is based upon the work of Woods et al. [1], which is improved on. An analysis of the relationship between precision and accuracy in the DCT and quantisation stages is used to minimise the system’s resource requirements. The JPEG encoder is successfully tested in simulation. Input and output stages are added to the design. The input stage receives data from the image sensor and removes breaks in the data stream. The output stage must concatenate the data from the JPEG encoder and transmit it to the microprocessor via the microprocessor’s ISI (image sensor interface) peripheral. An image sharpening filter is developed and inserted into the pipeline between the input and JPEG encoder. Because remote surveillance cameras are battery powered, the minimisation of power consumption is a key concern. To minimise power consumption a mechanism is introduced to track those modules in the pipeline that are in use at any time. Any not in use are paused by gating the module’s clock source. Once the system is complete and tested in simulation it is loaded into hardware. The FPGA development board is attached to the image sensor board and microprocessor board of the Blackeye II camera by a purpose-built breakout board. Plugging the microprocessor board into a PC provides a live stream of images proving the successful operation of the FPGA system. The project objectives were exceeded by increasing the frame rate of the Blackeye II to 20 fps, which will not decrease with additional image processing operations. The project was viewed as a success by Kinopta, who have committed to its further development.</p>

The Scientific Muse: Poems for Robert Duncan Milne

Welcome to the sixth collection by Wyvern Poets, in collaboration with the University of Dundee. This booklet for Dundee’s Being Human festival programme on the theme of ‘Renewal’ celebrates the life and work of Cupar-born Robert Duncan Milne (1844-99). Milne published around sixty Science Fiction stories (some multi-part or novella length), mostly in the Argonaut and the San Francisco Examiner between 1879 and 1899. He pioneered SF themes such as climate catastrophe, cryogenics, molecular re-engineering of the body, personality transfer, scientific terrorism and drone warfare, remote surveillance and telecommunications, satellite phones and technologies for visual time travel which anticipate cinema and TV. Scotland appears to punch below its weight in relation to early science fiction, yet Milne is an extraordinary lost presence who slipped through the cracks of the canon by a series of historical accidents - until now.