A Set of Solutions to Reduce the Water Cut in Well Production

This paper presents a set of activities to reduce water cut and develop a technical solution to measure water cut: measurement of watercut, flow rates and gas-oil ratio of a well output using a mobile unit. tracer tests and conformance control operations - watercut of reacting wells within Bashkirian stage decreased by 16,6% after those operations were performed. water flow control, flow deviation and remedying production casing damages made it possible to reduce extraction of produced water and, accordingly, the cost of oil production. development of Liquid Phase Separation Device enabled alternate delivery of oil and water to the intake of downhole pump.

Late Serpukhovian Foraminifers Near the Mississippian-pennsylvanian Boundary At South Syncline Ridge, Southern Nevada, Usa: Implications For Correlation

A few, thin, Mississippian siliciclastic limestone beds, interbedded with ammonoid (uppermost Eumorphoceras Zone)-bearing shales within the South Syncline Ridge section on the Nuclear Test Site in southern Nevada, contain an abundant, low-diversity assemblage of late Serpukhovian/late Chesterian calcareous foraminifers dominated by the archaediscaceans Neoarchaediscus altiluminis, Brenckleina rugosa, Eosigmoilina robertsoni, and Betpakodiscus of the group B. attenuatus. These limestone beds were deposited in a shallow-water, clastic facies of the Scotty Wash Formation and, based on common conodont occurrences, correlate southeast to the Bird Spring Formation below the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian GSSP at Arrow Canyon, Nevada. The South Syncline Ridge foraminifers are comparable to those found in coeval beds at Arrow Canyon and represent the only other known foraminiferal assemblage to exist in association with uppermost Eumorphoceras Zone ammonoids in North America outside of Arkansas in the southern Midcontinent. Reconciliation of regional conodont and ammonoid zonations shows that the range of eosigmoiline foraminifers (E. robertsoni and B. rugosa), now generally considered an upper Serpukhovian index, extends from a position either just below or at the lower-upper boundary of the Serpukhovian Stage into the lower part of the Bashkirian Stage in North America; their upper range falls within the lower part of the Homoceras ammonoid zone beginning in the upper part of the Serpukhovian Stage. Discussion of the foraminiferal taxa includes support for retaining the genus Betpakodiscus rather than synonymizing it under Tubispirodiscus, as proposed by some specialists during the past few years.

Phanerozoic p O 2 and the early evolution of terrestrial animals

Concurrent gaps in the Late Devonian/Mississippian fossil records of insects and tetrapods (i.e. Romer's Gap) have been attributed to physiological suppression by low atmospheric p O 2 . Here, updated stable isotope inputs inform a reconstruction of Phanerozoic oxygen levels that contradicts the low oxygen hypothesis (and contradicts the purported role of oxygen in the evolution of gigantic insects during the late Palaeozoic), but reconciles isotope-based calculations with other proxies, like charcoal. Furthermore, statistical analysis demonstrates that the gap between the first Devonian insect and earliest diverse insect assemblages of the Pennsylvanian (Bashkirian Stage) requires no special explanation if insects were neither diverse nor abundant prior to the evolution of wings. Rather than tracking physiological constraint, the fossil record may accurately record the transformative evolutionary impact of insect flight.