Learning Techniques for Pre-Malignancy Detection in Human Cells a Review

Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth which starts consuming cell nourishment and keeps on multiplying indefinably. There are 100 plus different types of cancers that may affect any part of the body. In the past 26 years, the cancer incidence rate has been changed drastically in India. To control it early-stage detection of cancer plays a very important role. Early-stage detection of cancer helps in better diagnosis will also lower the chances of dying due to this deadly disease. It will impact considerably on the patient’s recovery when it is more treatable. Early Cancer detection or premalignant disease detection in the human body is possible through screening tests. Several screening methods have been tested, applied and proven to be very much efficient in reducing death rate due to cancer. This paper survey’s how learning techniques can be efficiently applied, tested and showed promising results in early-stage cancer detection through several screening methods.

Premalignant disease of the genital tract in pregnancy

The age of women at the time of delivery of their first child has been steadily increasing in the developed world for several generations. In the United States, the average age of first-time mothers increased by 3.6 years from 21.4 years in 1970 to 25.0 years in 2006. Globally, the use of modern contraception methods has risen slightly, from 54% in 1990 to 57.4% in 2014. There remains inequality in the access to contraception in the developing world, with access remaining low in sub-Saharan Africa, and teenage pregnancy remains a major international public health problem. However, increasing contraceptive use in many parts of the developing world, especially in Asia and Latin America, enables women to delay childbirth, leading to a relative rise in the maternal age of first pregnancy. As women extend their reproductive lives into their 30s and 40s, more pregnancies will be complicated by comorbidities of premalignant diseases of the genital tract. National cervical screening programmes are generally initiated at the age of 20 or 25 years, and in many countries opportunistic screening is performed during antenatal visits. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand the natural history, risk of progression to malignancy, and pregnancy implications of premalignant disease of the genital tract, in order to guide patients through difficult management decisions regarding treatment options.

Validation of the Singapore nomogram for outcome prediction in breast phyllodes tumours in a large patient cohort

AimsTo validate the Singapore nomogram for outcome prediction in breast phyllodes tumours in a large cohort of Singaporean patients, as previous validation studies were conducted on small numbers of patients. We also investigate the association of fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumours within a subset of our cohort.MethodsHistological parameters, surgical margin status and clinical follow-up data of 259 women diagnosed with phyllodes tumours were analysed. Patients with concurrent malignant or premalignant disease were excluded from the validation to minimise confounding influences. Biostatistics modelling was performed, and the concordance between predicted and observed survivals was calculated. The association between fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumours was quantified in a subset of the women.ResultsPhyllodes tumours with higher number of mitoses, stromal overgrowth and positive surgical margins were found to be associated with greater risk of clinical recurrence. Patients with a higher nomogram score had a significantly higher risk of developing relapse. Forty out of 78 (51.3%) of the subset of phyllodes cases reviewed showed either fibroadenoma-like areas within the phyllodes tumours or concurrent fibroadenomas in the ipsilateral or contralateral breast.ConclusionsThe Singapore nomogram is useful in predicting outcome in breast phyllodes tumours when applied to a large cohort of Singaporean women.