Electrophoretic and DNA identification of Anopheles bwambae and A. gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Uganda

Collections of mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex were made from the geothermal springs and surrounding area in the Semliki Valley, Bwamba County, Uganda, which is the only known locality of A. bwambae White. Specimens were analysed in one of three ways: rDNA-PCR for unequivocal species identification, allozyme electrophoresis to determine superoxide dismutase (Sod) and octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) genotypes, or both methods. Ribosomal DNA-PCR identification revealed the presence of A. bwambae and A. gambiae. Allozyme electrophoresis of 181 individuals showed that A. bwambae possessed the Sod105and Sod100 alleles and was not monomorphic for Sod105as reported previously. In adults reared from collections made in the vicinity of the geothermal springs, the frequency of Sod105 was found to be 0.614. Anopheles gambiae was fixed for Sod100. The majority of individuals homozygous for the Sod100 allele could be identified to species using Odh. Odh95 was found to be common in A. bwambae (frequency = 0.988) while A. gambiae appeared to be fixed for Odh100. Since Odh100occurred at a frequency of 1.2% in A. bwambae (concomitant with Sodgenotypes of 105/105, 100/105 or 100/100), individuals homozygous for Sod100 and Odh100 could be either species. Among 25 A. bwambae specimens homozygous for Sod100, one (4%) was also homozygous for Odh100. At present, this subset of the A. bwambae population can only be correctly identified to species using rDNA-PCR analysis.

Genetics of Glossina palpalis palpalis: designation of linkage groups and the mapping of eight biochemical and visible marker genes

The loci for three enzymes (hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, and testicular esterase) and two eye-color mutants (brick and tan) are mapped on the X chromosome of Glossina palpalis palpalis. The loci occur in the order brick Hex (tan/Pgm) Est-t, with a recombination frequency of approximately 78% between the outer two loci. The locus for octanol dehydrogenase is located in linkage group II and the loci for malate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucose isomerase are separated by a recombination frequency of about 42.5% in linkage group III. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs at a much lower frequency in males than in females. The distribution of five biochemical marker genes in the linkage groups of G. p. palpalis is markedly different from that found in other higher flies.Key words: tsetse, Glossina palpalis palpalis, linkage map.

Enzyme polymorphism in Glossina longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae)

Adult Glossina longipennis Cortie, collected at Nguruman, Kenya, were examined electrophoretically for variation in esterase, octanol dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, manganese-stimulated malate dehydrogenase, arginine Phosphokinase, and hexokinase. Variation was found in the first two enzymes, and the banding patterns indicated that the loci for these enzymes are on autosomes. The mean heterozygosity per locus was 4.5%.

GENETICS OF GLOSSINA MORSITANS MORSITANS (DIPTERA: GLOSSINIDAE). V. DEFINITION AND PRELIMINARY MAPPING OF LINKAGE GROUPS I AND II

Linkage group I is defined as the loci on the differential part of the X-chromosome of adult Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood. Three loci are known and their order on the X-chromosome has been demonstrated as ocra (body color), salmon (eye color), and Apk (arginine phosphokinase, E.C. 2.7.3.3) with 38 map units separating the first two loci and 32 to 41 separating the second two. This region of the X-chromosome does not contain the chromosomal inversion known to occur in the Handeni line of G. m. morsitans. Linkage group II is defined as the autosome carrying the locus Xo (xanthine oxidase, E.C. 1.2.3.2), and it is demonstrated to carry also the loci Ao (aldehyde oxidase, E.C. 1.2.3.1) and Odh (octanol dehydrogenase, E.C. 1.1.1.73). Ao and Odh are within 0.36 map units of each other and have not been separated by recombination; this pair of loci occur about 48 map units from Xo. During mapping experiments, no evidence for genetical recombination was found in male G. m. morsitans.