Winter study of Antarctic zone of the Southern Ocean (to the 25-th anniversary of the Soviet-Russian-American drift station “Weddell-1”)

The information concern oceanographic investigations in 1980-90 within Antarctic sea-ice formation area together with “International oceanographic study of Antarctic Zone” ( “iAnZone”) program is given. The supreme component of these investigations became the soviet-american winter expedition “Ice Station Weddell-1” (ISW-1), supported by “Academic Fedorov”(SU), “Nathaniel Palmer” (US) and drift station (3.02.92–9.06.92). The water mass structure and circulation patterns in most remote part of the Weddell Gyre, including Western boundary current parameters and bottom water from the shelf were for the first time defined.

Scientists Spend Arctic Winter Adrift on Sea Ice

A hovercraft-based ice drift station gives researchers access to previously inaccessible regions of the changing Arctic sea ice cover off the coast of Greenland.

Summer sea ice characteristics and morphology in the Pacific Arctic sector as observed during the CHINARE 2010 cruise

In the summer of 2010, atmosphere–ice–ocean interaction was studied aboard the icebreaker R/V Xuelong during the Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE), in the sea ice zone of the Pacific Arctic sector between 150° W and 180° W up to 88.5° N. The expedition lasted from 21 July to 28 August and comprised of ice observations and measurements along the cruise track, 8 short-term stations and one 12-day drift station. Ship-based observations of ice thickness and concentration are compared with ice thickness measured by an electromagnetic induction device (EM31) mounted off the ship's side and ice concentrations obtained from AMSR-E. It is found that the modal thickness from ship-based visual observations matches well with the modal thickness from the mounted EM31. A grid of 8 profiles of ice thickness measurements (four repeats) was conducted at the 12-day drift station in the central Arctic (~ 86°50´ N–87°20´ N) and an average melt rate of 2 cm day−1, primarily bottom melt, was found. As compared with the 2005 data from the Healy/Oden Trans-Arctic Expedition (HOTRAX) for the same sector but ~ 20 days later (9 August to 10 September), the summer 2010 was first-year ice dominant (vs. the multi-year ice dominant in 2005), 70% or less in mean ice concentration (vs. 90% in 2005), and 94–114 cm in mean ice thickness (vs. 150 cm in 2005). Those changes suggest the continuation of ice thinning, less concentration, and younger ice for the summer sea ice in the sector since 2007 when a record minimum sea ice extent was observed. Overall, the measurements provide a valuable dataset of sea ice morphological properties over the Arctic Pacific Sector in summer 2010 and can be used as a benchmark for measurements of future changes.