Is it Safe to Use a Diuretic to Treat Seizures Early in Development ?

There has been considerable interest in using bumetanide, a diuretic chloride importer NKCC1 antagonist, to reduce intracellular chloride ([Cl−]i) in epileptic neurons, thereby shifting the polarity of GABA from excitatory to inhibitory and ameliorating the actions of GABA-acting antiepileptic drugs. However, a recent study raises the important issue of potential deleterious actions of bumetanide on immature neurons, because reduction of (Cl−)i also alleviates a major source of excitation in developing neurons, upon which GABA exerts a trophic action. This review considers the importance of separating intrauterine from postnatal effects of bumetanide in normal versus pathologic neurons.

Trophic action of sphingosine 1-phosphate in denervated rat soleus muscle

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) mediates a number of cellular responses, including growth and proliferation. Skeletal muscle possesses the full enzymatic machinery to generate S1P and expresses the transcripts of S1P receptors. The aim of this work was to localize S1P receptors in rat skeletal muscle and to investigate whether S1P exerts a trophic action on muscle fibers. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses demonstrated the expression of S1P1 and S1P3 receptors by soleus muscle. Immunofluorescence revealed that S1P1 and S1P3 receptors are localized at the cell membrane of muscle fibers and in the T-tubule membranes. The receptors also decorate the nuclear membrane. S1P1 receptors were also present at the neuromuscular junction. The possible trophic action of S1P was investigated by utilizing the denervation atrophy model. Rat soleus muscle was analyzed 7 and 14 days after motor nerve cut. During denervation, S1P was continuously delivered to the muscle through a mini osmotic pump. S1P and its precursor, sphingosine (Sph), significantly attenuated the progress of denervation-induced muscle atrophy. The trophic effect of Sph was prevented by N, N-dimethylsphingosine, an inhibitor of Sph kinase, the enzyme that converts Sph into S1P. Neutralization of circulating S1P by a specific antibody further demonstrated that S1P was responsible for the trophic effects of S1P during denervation atrophy. Denervation produced the down regulation of S1P1 and S1P3 receptors, regardless of the presence of the receptor agonist. In conclusion, the results suggest that S1P acts as a trophic factor of skeletal muscle.