Token reflexivity and logic

Token-reflexive theories of indexicals – words like ‘I,’ ‘here,’ and ‘today’ – are widely thought to face a problem in account for intuitively valid arguments involving indexicals. Yet all discussions of the problem with which I am familiar focus on particular examples or on particular rules of inference. In this paper, I first state the problem in its full generality, and then argue that two recent attempts to reject the problem fail. Finally, I consider the proposal by García-Carpintero that demonstratives – ‘this’ and ‘that’ – raise the same problem. I argue that while there are important similarities between the logic problem for token-reflexives and the role of demonstratives in logic, recent work on the logic of demonstratives can offer insights into logic that token-reflexive theories cannot.

Comprehension of computer code relies primarily on domain-general executive brain regions

Computer programming is a novel cognitive tool that has transformed modern society. What cognitive and neural mechanisms support this skill? Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate two candidate brain systems: the multiple demand (MD) system, typically recruited during math, logic, problem solving, and executive tasks, and the language system, typically recruited during linguistic processing. We examined MD and language system responses to code written in Python, a text-based programming language (Experiment 1) and in ScratchJr, a graphical programming language (Experiment 2); for both, we contrasted responses to code problems with responses to content-matched sentence problems. We found that the MD system exhibited strong bilateral responses to code in both experiments, whereas the language system responded strongly to sentence problems, but weakly or not at all to code problems. Thus, the MD system supports the use of novel cognitive tools even when the input is structurally similar to natural language.

Comprehension of computer code relies primarily on domain-general executive brain regions

Computer programming is a novel cognitive tool that has transformed modern society. What cognitive and neural mechanisms support this skill? Here, we used fMRI to investigate two candidate brain systems: the multiple demand (MD) system, typically recruited during math, logic, problem solving, and executive tasks, and the language system, typically recruited during linguistic processing. We examined MD and language system responses to code written in Python, a text-based programming language (Experiment 1) and in ScratchJr, a graphical programming language (Experiment 2); for both, we contrasted responses to code problems with responses to content-matched sentence problems. We found that the MD system exhibited strong bilateral responses to code in both experiments, whereas the language system responded strongly to sentence problems, but weakly or not at all to code problems. Thus, the MD system supports the use of novel cognitive tools even when the input is structurally similar to natural language.

ANALISIS KEPRIBADIAN TOKOH KAI AMAK DALAM NOVEL GALUH HATI KARYA RANDU ALAMSYAH

This research is aimed at describing the character of Kai Amak in the novel Galuh Hati by Randu Alamsyah. This research uses qualitative descriptive method. The primary data is in the form of sentences and expressions which represents id, ego, and super ego occured in the novel Galuh Hati by Randu Alamsyah. In collecting the data, the documentation technique is used. Based on the result of the analysis, it is found that there are 45 expressions which represents id, ego, and super ego. There is 16 expressions of id aspect which can be found in his lust towards eat and drink, sex, ignoring the pain or uncomfortable feeling. There is 20 expressions of ego aspect which can be seen from his logic, problem-solving, and decision-making. Moreover, there is 9 expressions of super ego aspect which can be seen from his feeling of shame, guilty, and regret. So, it can be concluded that the character of Kai Amak has the id, ego, and super ego personality.