Negative verb morpheme in Tamil Verb structure

In this world each and all languages are based on noun and verb. Without the naming and action words we cannot frame even a single sentence. In the same way, Tamil Language also depend on noun and verb. Verb is an important component of language. Tamil grammarians and linguists classify and interpret the types of verbs in different ways. Among the classifications, one of them is a negative verb. Changes are taken within the language system. The continuous change will be occurred in the language system and it process over time to time. Languages ​​that are subject to change are likely to survive. Thus, the structure of modern Tamil negative verbs is entirely different from the system of ancient Tamil negative verbs in Tamil. This article focuses these differences through morphologically with one of the linguistic subdivisions. It also describes the development and growth of negative verb morphological elements and the places where we use it.

Prasa lokalna jako źródło do badań dialektologicznych (na przykładzie kieleckich „Przemian”)

The local press is used to a small extent for dialectological studies. In the article, I present a review and typology of press materials contained in the Kielce socio-cultural monthly „Przemiany” (Transformation, 1970–1989), which is a valuable source of language material, primarily for Polish dialectical lexicography, but also for the study of the language system of the Kielce dialects from the 1980s and 1990s. The sociolinguistic aspect is included in the description of dialects in the analyzed press texts. On the one hand, Kielce dialect materials broaden the number of printed sources for the issued Polish dialect dictionary, and on the other – they can be well used when developing a regional glossary.

„Zagęszczenia wieloznaczeń” – gry językowe w poezji Urszuli Kozioł

The article presents the linguistic mechanisms used by the poet Urszula Kozioł to play poetic linguistic games with her readers. Based on selected poems, the article discusses the ways of employing means from various levels of the language system, including the phonetic, morphological, inflection, syntactic and semantic systems. It is pointed out that U. Kozioł’s linguistic games are often based on complex etymological and word-building mechanisms. As a result of these, the poetry is full of unexpected, often ambiguous word forms that surprise the readers with their unconstricted morphological and phonetic form with frequently unspecified and unclear meaning, making room for new, often non-standard interpretations.

Problems of Spanish [z], [s], [c] Sounds Pronunciation in Teaching Standards of the Spanish Language as a Foreign

The present article considers linguistic norms and pronunciation standard of the Spanish language. It is shown that from the theoretical point of view the normative standards of dialectic variation of the Spanish language are considered. The problem of geographically diversified pronunciation standard of the Spanish consonant sounds is established. It is being noted that the unified standard language norm for all Spanish- speaking countries to be used in terms of teaching standards of the Spanish language as a foreign. The conclusion is made that knowledge of functioning particularities of the language system at cultural and social level is highly needed. In addition to that dialectic and accent variations of the Spanish language are to be taken into consideration

Bank Kosa Kata Untuk Tuna Rungu dan Tuna Wicara Berbasis Web

Communication is the most important key to mastering this era of globalization. There is no denying that language is the most important part of communication. When one person uses the same language or understands another person's language, they can communicate well. Sign language is a language based on artificial communication, i.e. body language and lip movements during communication. This sign language is standardized as SIBI (Indonesian Sign Language System). SIBI is one of the media in the form of books that are able to communicate with deaf people in the community. Its shape is a systematic arrangement of groups of fingers, hands and various movements, symbolizing the word Indonesian. Book media does not seem to be easily understood by users, so it takes an application that can provide moving images to facilitate sign language learning, one of which is web-based.

Polish-English LSP Dictionaries in Translation Work: Labour-Law Terminology from the Polish Labour Code in Terminographic and Translation Practice

The purpose of the article is to show the applicability of selected Polish-English LSP dictionaries in legal translation work. The paper analyses how well labour-law terminology, found in the Polish Labour Code, is covered in Polish-English LSP dictionaries and compares them to equivalents selected by Agnieszka Jamroży, the author of an English translation of the Polish Labour Code. Based on a collation of the English equivalents present in the reviewed resources, the author presents some conclusions as to what the studied dictionaries lack and what terminographers should focus on when compiling a labour-law dictionary that would be more useful to translators and other users. Essentially, the article presents the Polish labour-law language system and labour-law corpus, legal terms and labour law in the context of LSP dictionaries. The methodology is then outlined, followed by the findings from the review of the selected dictionaries and an example translation of the Polish Labour Code. Certain labour-law terms particularly stood out, and these have been reviewed in detail in the paper: they are documentacja pracownicza, wymiar czasu pracy, norma czasu pracy and dobowy wymiar czasu pracy. The publication ends with conclusions and findings on the applicability of Polish-English LSP dictionaries in legal translation work and implications for creating a labour-law dictionary for translation purposes based on the research.

Effects of EFL Learning on L1 Chinese Lexis

The advocates of multi-competence theory argue that the L2 learners’ language system is unique because of the crosslinguistic influences of both languages. However, the influence of a foreign language on the learner’s L1 has not been extensively investigated. In order to address the gap, the present study sought to investigate the effects of EFL learning on written L1 Chinese at the lexical level. Two studies were conducted on 200 abstracts of MA theses written in Chinese, half on English literature written by Chinese-L1 English majors (EMs), and half on Chinese literature written by Chinese-L1 Chinese majors (CMs). The first study investigated the differences between the two groups in terms of the frequencies of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions in the abstracts. The second study examined the differences in the lexical complexity and diversity between the two groups. The results reveal 12 significant differences in 27 investigated word classes and subclasses, as well as significant differences in lexical complexity, but no significant difference in lexical diversity. The identified differences are discussed from a multi-competence perspective.

Semantička adaptacija frekventnih germanizama u oblasti domaćinstva

The task of the analysis of adaptation processes is to describe which changes the foreign word has undergone in the primary phase, ie from the moment of borrowing to the formation of the basic form – which in contact linguistics is called replica – and which changes occur in the replica in the secondary phase, ie from the moment of integration in the language system of the recipient further. This paper analyzes the semantic adaptation of frequency Germanisms in the Bosnian language system and focuses on the conceptual field of “household”. The main goal is to determine the semantic changes that words taken from the German language undergo during the download and adaptation to the Bosnian language system. During the analysis, the contact linguistic methodology of Rudolf Filipović was used, in which the adaptation processes are divided into primary and secondary phases of adaptation. The comparative method compared the meanings of German models with the meanings of Bosnian replicas, and the changes were classified into three categories: zero semantic extension, narrowing of meaning and broadening of meaning. Based on the analysis of adaptive changes in the primary phase, it was determined that Germanisms were mostly taken over into the Bosnian language with their specific meanings, but the category of narrowing in the field of meaning was also noted. Unlike the primary adaptation, the secondary adaptation includes changes that occur on the formed replica. These changes are no longer associated with the German language because they are always related only with the Bosnian language system and its rules. This is evidenced by the examples of Germanisms in which in the phase of secondary adaptation there was an expansion of meaning through the use of metaphor, metonymy, pejorization, folk etymology and ellipse.