The comparison of the elements for the homogenizing charged particle irradiation

Particle beams with uniform and well-confined intensity distributions are desirable in some high power beam applications to prolong the target lifetime or to improve the beam utilization. Three kinds of elements had been proposed for the beam homogenizing, such as octupole, pole-piece magnet, and step-like nonlinear magnets. In this paper, the new type of elements called heteromorphic quadrupole and focus sextupole are proposed. The Gaussian-like multiparticle beam redistribution by the octupole, heteromophic quadrupole, step-like nonlinear magnets, and focus sextupole has been simulated by the POISSON and LEADS code. The best redistribution result is obtained by the focus sextupole, and one of the solutions of redistributing beam with big halo can be that of using the focus sextupole and the heteromorphic quadrupole.

Titanium Oxide-Based Photocatalysts: -From Fundamentals to Practical Applications-

Advanced ion-beam techniques such as metal ion-implantation and RF magnetron sputtering deposition were successfully applied in the development of titanium oxide photocatalysts capable of absorbing and working under both UV and visible light irradiation. This advanced physical method was found to be one of the most promising approaches to preparation of highly functional second-generation titanium oxide-based photocatalytic materials, TiO2 nano-powders, highly dispersed titanium oxide species within zeolite frameworks, and TiO2 thin film systems with efficient solar beam utilization of up to 20-30 %.