Epidemiology characteristics for non-myopic Chinese children aged 6 to 12 years in Jiangsu Province

Background: We aimed to present epidemiology characteristics including SE value, age, BMI, sex for non-myopic Chinese children after indicating the prevalence of myopia among children aged six to twelve . Based on these we were trying to develop alert values for predicting the future onset of myopia. Methods: All students took part in the ophthalmic examination filled in a questionnaire to provide basic demographic information. We used an autorefractor applying with cycloplegia to obtain spherical equivalent value, and part of their parents filled in a questionnaire of factors related to myopic among children. Results: We finally had 3900 non-myopic observations from 6362 students, and the prevalence of myopia is 38.0% for boys and 39.5% for girls respectively. The average values for SE were 0.5±0.7 for boys and 0.6±0.8 for girls respectively. The mean SE decreased with age in children, and the value of height and BMI took on a stable trend. Alert values for myopia could be set as follows, for children aged six years of age, 0.4-0.6 D for boys and 0.8-1.0 D for girls respectively. For children aged seven years of age, 0.4-0.6 D for boys and 0.3-0.5 D for girls respectively, for children aged eight years, 0.2-0.4 D for boys and 0.3-0.5D for girls, for children aged nine years, 0.2-0.4 D for boys and 0.3-0.4D for girls, 0.1-0.3 D for boys aged ten and 0.3D for girls aged ten years, 0.10-0.3 D for boys aged eleven and -0.3-0.3 D for girls aged eleven years, and for children aged twelve ,-0.1-0.1 D for boys and -0.3-0.1 D for girls aged twelve years. Father’s myopia ( OR:1.22,95%CI:1.01-1.48 ), near work on weekends (OR:2.56,95%CI:1.17-5.61) and outdoor activities (OR:0.68,95%CI:0.54-0.86) had an impact to non-myopic students with myopic alerting. Conclusion: Our study presented an epidemiology description for non-myopic students in Jiangsu Province, and we proposed a series of alert values to provide early warning reference for Chinese children aged six to twelve years. We draw a nomograph to predict the probability of myopia onset and found that family, near work and outdoor activities, had an impact on non-myopic students with myopic alerting.

Congenital Megaprepuce: Literature Review and Surgical Correction

Congenital megaprepuce (CMP) is a type of buried penis characterized by extensive redundancy and ballooning of the inner prepuce as a result of preputial stenosis and phimosis. The malformation typically presents with difficulty voiding, often requiring manual expression of stagnant urine. Multiple techniques have been reported for the treatment of CMP with varying levels of positive outcomes. The authors provide a review of published literature, in addition to describing the procedure and results of our surgical technique in three children aged eleven months, two years, and twelve years. The literature review was conducted using PubMed with keywords “congenital megaprepuce,” “megaprepuce,” “buried penis,” “CMP,” and “correction.” Results were then differentiated based on presence or absence of true congenital megaprepuce and the surgical correction thereof. Regarding our cases, all patients completed the procedure with excellent cosmesis and without complication. Our technique is shown to provide consistent, excellent esthetic outcome across a wide range of ages and may be replicated by others.

Problematic Portrayals and Contentious Content

This article reports on a study about the ways in which the Holocaust is portrayed in four school history textbooks in England. It offers detailed analysis and critical insights into the content of these textbooks, which are commonly used to support the teaching of this compulsory aspect of the history National Curriculum to pupils aged eleven to fourteen. The study draws on a recent national report based on the responses of more than 2,000 teachers and explicitly uses the education guidelines of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) as a benchmark against which to evaluate the textbook content. It identifies a number of potentially alarming findings of which two themes predominate: a common tendency for textbooks to present an “Auschwitz-centric,” “perpetrator narrative” and a widespread failure to sensitively present Jewish life and agency before, during, and after the war. Ultimately, the article calls for the improvement of textbook content, but equally recognizes the need for teachers to be knowledgeable, judicious, and critical when using textbooks in their classrooms.

Structure of child and adult past counterfactuals, and implications for acquisition of the construction

ABSTRACTChildren start producing if p, q conditionals relatively late. Past counterfactuals (PCFs), for example ‘If she had shut the cage, the rabbit wouldn't have escaped’, are particularly problematic for children; despite evidence of comprehension in the preschool years, children aged eleven are still making production errors in PCF structure (Crutchley, 2004). Working within a usage-based framework, the present study explores whether PCFs in the conversational component of the British National Corpus show structural similarities to the set of PCF structures produced by six- to eleven-year-old children in an elicitation task. Adult PCFs are found to be both rare in spontaneous conversation and very varied in structure. Low token frequency and high type frequency are hypothesized to account partly for children's late acquisition of the PCF construction. However, regularities in the use of subjects and verbs in adult PCFs are hypothesized to assist children's acquisition of the construction.

Music technology inspected: good teaching in Key Stage 3

How is information and communications technology (ICT) used to promote musical learning by pupils aged eleven to fourteen, i.e. pupils in Key Stage 3? Inspectors from the Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED) visited 52 schools in England, and inspected 161 Key Stage 3 music lessons that made some use of ICT. This article describes the characteristics of the good teaching found in 106 of those lessons, and discusses some issues concerning the use of ICT in classrooms.

Secondary singing inspected

The oft-lamented decline of singing in school, like many other reported declines in education (Mills 1996), is probably more imaginary than real. Ask adults to reminisce about singing when they were at school, and their stories of off-task antics during massed renditions of ‘Greensleeves’, ‘The British Grenadiers’ or ‘Nymphs and Shepherds’, of grunters, groaners and pupils asked by their teachers just to mouth the words, do not speak of a golden age of singing in schools. Certainly, any golden age had passed when I started teaching in 1976, and I needed to work as hard as any teacher must now to persuade pupils to sing with effort, concentration and sensitivity, to vary the mood of their singing, when appropriate, from that suited to ‘Football Crazy’, and to cease to use their imagination to produce what they thought were amusing alternatives to printed lyrics. Yes, there was sometimes singing, of a sort, in assembly. And yes, many music teachers ran choirs and other activities for pupils who were particularly interested in singing. But then, as now, it was difficult to draw in boys, and girls whose time was sought also by PE teachers. But the fact that no decline in singing at school is proven does not excuse any complacence about the quality of singing in schools now. To judge from the high standards that may be observed in some schools, they could be much higher generally. This article considers some of the background to singing in secondary school, and describes some of the more successful approaches to singing by pupils aged eleven to fourteen that have been observed by HM Inspectors (HMI).

Teaching Music through Individual Composition: A Music Course for Pupils aged Eleven to Eighteen

In this article I expound my method of teaching the language of music to my pupils. I aim to enable them to express themselves through music, just as they are expected to use the tools of language for creative writing and art materials for original work.My class organisation and the syllabus by which my pupils learn to compose is explained in some detail for years seven to nine and in more general terms thereafter.I include examples of compositions, from Year Seven and from GCSE pupils. I hope I can encourage other teachers to adopt similar objectives and therefore reap similar rewards.

The prevalence of antibody to human parvovirus B19 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

During 1985 and 1986 serum samples were collected from the Rio de Janeiro population and examined for the presence of IgG antibody to human parvovirus B19. No difference in prevalence was found between males and females. Antibody prevalence rose from 35% in children less than five years old to almost 80% in children aged eleven to fifteen years. The antibody prevalence in individuals over 50 years old was over 90%.

Alcohol and Metropolitan Black Teenagers

Many studies have dealt with the health variables of drinking among teenagers, but few have looked at Black adolescents. Data from a sample of 728 males and females aged eleven to sixteen indicated that drinkers were more likely to report health problems. The correlation between drinking and poor health was most noted among young males and older females. Drinkers reported more sleep disturbances. Tobacco use was the most positive predictor of drinking among males and pregnancy for females.