Fear and cultural background drive sexual orientation prejudice in France

Sexual stereotyping and its negative consequences remain major issues in Western societies. Sexual prejudice is often nurtured by the socio-cultural background in which individuals grow up, making differences in sexual prejudice especially visible in multicultural societies. In France, one example of such a multicultural society with a high number of French citizens with recent migratory background from Maghreb, the socio-cultural basis of sexual prejudice has largely remained unexplored. Here, we report results from an experimental study investigating sexual stereotyping in France. We base our analyses on an elicited corpus of spontaneous speech samples. We consider in particular the effects of the participants’ cultural background (France vs. Maghreb), age and gender on the expression of prejudicial attitudes. Specifically, we tested in a context-sensitive sentiment analysis approach which attitudes (negative vs. positive) and emotions (joy, sadness, anger, fear, disgust) were voiced. We find strong effects of cultural background and gender both on the frequency of negative vs. positive attitudes expressed and on associated emotion categories, namely that male Maghrebian participants were more negative and conveyed more fear in their speech samples. The results are discussed in the context of current diversity approaches in France and their implications for potential prejudice regulation strategies.

6. Public policy limitations on the formation of trusts

Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. If a person sets up a trust to protect himself from creditors in case of insolvency, the trust will be void. Public policy does not permit private trusts to defeat public interests. In addition to a trust prejudicing one’s creditors, other examples of trusts that are void on grounds of public policy are trusts that promote racial or sexual prejudice, trusts which tie up wealth for too long, trusts that restrain marriage and ‘sham’ trusts. This chapter, which focuses on public policy limitations on the formation of trusts, first outlines the rules against perpetuities, the rule against remoteness of vesting, the rule against inalienability of capital and the rules against perpetuity and charities. It then considers private trusts, a breach of the rules against perpetuity and excessive accumulation of income, situations in which a trust designed to shield assets from creditors will and will not be void, the Perpetuities and Accumulations Act 1964, proposals for reform of the rules against perpetuities and gifts subject to conditions.

English Validation of a Short Scale Designed to Detect Negative Attitudes towards Trans People (EANT)

(1) Background: Negative attitudes towards sexual minorities are widespread in our society. The Scale of Negative Attitudes towards Transgender people (EANT) has been tested in Spanish-speaking countries in order to assess its applicability as a measure of harmful predispositions towards trans individuals. Understanding these predispositions is important because of transformations in the rights of people in terms of respect for gender diversity. (2) Methods: For the validation of this scale, an online survey was developed and distributed to 362 UK university students aged 18 to 45 years (M = 21.43, SD = 3.42). The sample was randomly divided in half, carrying out the exploratory factor analysis for the first 180 students and performing the confirmatory factor analysis for the remaining 182. (3) Results: The validation of this unifactorial instrument in English was obtained, with a high internal consistency (α = 0.810) that suggests high applicability to measuring this construct, as well as showing expected relationships with typical variables (HATH, TIBS, gender, sexual orientation, religion and education). (4) Conclusions: This study assesses attitudinal tendencies and reveals how sexual prejudice is still implicit in our societies and makes the stigmatisation and discrimination of trans people visible. These findings support the development of strategies to tackle these predispositions.

Contesting Sexual Prejudice to Support Sexual Minorities: Views of Chinese Social Workers

Professional development has been recognized as one of the strategies to effectively combat sexual prejudice and negative attitudes against lesbian, gay, bisexual, questioning/queer (LGBQ+) individuals and sexual minorities. Nevertheless, studies related to LGBQ+-inclusive training are rarely found in the Chinese Hong Kong context, where sexual prejudice still prevails without the establishment of antidiscrimination law. Sociocultural considerations, such as religious and parental influences, are obstacles to discussing the reduction of sexual prejudices, both within wider society and social work organizations, without institutional support. This paper aims to understand social workers’ perspectives on prejudice reduction training themes and perceived cultural barriers through qualitative in-depth interviews with 67 social workers. Qualitative thematic analysis yielded the following themes: (1) understanding sexuality; (2) initiating training legitimately; (3) contesting religious and cultural assumptions; (4) resolving value and ethical dilemma; (5) selecting relevant knowledge; (6) implementing diverse training strategies. The study suggests that social workers and service providers need to understand how sexual prejudice is manifested in Hong Kong through unique cultural forces. LGBQ+-inclusive content, addressing updated concepts and prejudice-free language, should be incorporated into the training curriculum. Intergroup contact, professional reflection, and experiential learning are suggested as training strategies (190).