REFLECTIONS OF THE PRINCE AND AL-FISHI IN THE LETTERS ON IBN HISHAM IN THEIR FOOTNOTES ON EXPLAINING THE ROOTS OF GOLD

REFLECTIONS OF THE PRINCE AND AL-FISHI IN THE LETTERS ON IBN HISHAM IN THEIR FOOTNOTES ON EXPLAINING THE ROOTS OF GOLD

INDIGO’S PROTEST AGAINST THE NOBLE QUR’AN AND ITS READINGS IN HIS BOOK AL-TAHFA AL-HEALING

This research sheds light on an important issue of the grammatical protest issues, which is the citation of the Holy Qur’an and its readings by the grammarians, and by Imam Al-Nili in particular, with a statement of his position on invoking it in establishing the proof of his grammatical opinion, through his explanation on the sufficient, the research will have to be on a preamble and two chapters, In the preface, we dealt with a brief overview of the indigo translation, then followed by two chapters: the first of which we talked about the book Al-Tuhfa Al-Safi, and the second of which was entitled Proving his grammatical opinion through his protest against the Holy Qur’an and its readings, and we concluded the research with a number of findings reached by the researcher.

MORPHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IN THE TRANSMITTED FROM THE WORDS OF ARABS AND SCHOLARS

The morphological reasoning is based on what was transmitted from the words of Arabs and scholars and how were the manifestations of development in this explanation. It came from that story. Then I moved on to those who came after them from among the scholars of grammar and morphology, and shed light on their interest in explanation and their interest in it, and how their books and compilations were full of explanation for all the issues raised in them. Morphological explanations, which are concerned with explanations for morphological issues exclusively. This research came in varying formats, and this matter was imposed by the nature of the scientific material in it. For morphological issues in particular, the research material focused on the second topic, which was specialized in explanation in the morphological books that were classified in the first five centuries of the history of Arabic grammar, so it was necessary to divide it into two sections that branched into other branches and divisions. Key words: Morphological Explanation; Scholars; Words of Arabs.

ROOTLESSNESS IN ELIZABETH BOWEN'S THE DEATH OF THE HEART, AND CHINUA ACHEBE'S ARROW OF GOD: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN ANGLO-IRISH AND AFRICAN POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE

Postcolonial literature views the British Empire of the nineteenth century as unique in human history and literary products for it provides writers with different subjects that deal with the idea of how to resurrect the colonized identity even after getting liberation. Postcolonial literature seems to label literature written by people living in countries formerly colonized by other colonized and other colonial powers as British. Such literature and particularly novel, emerged to focus on social, moral, and cultural influences and their interrelation with the impact of English existence upon some countries as Ireland in Europe and Nigeria in Africa. Irish novel shares its genesis with the English novel. When we write of the eighteenth century and use the phrase ' the Irish novel', we are necessarily referring to novel written by authors who, irrespective of birthplace, inhabited both England and Ireland and who thought of themselves as English or possibly both English and Irish. This fact is apparent within hands when we talk about the Anglo-Irish novelist Elizabeth Bowen and her novels that show the obvious effect of her Irish identity upon her works during the period of World Wars I and II with a consideration to Ireland as a British colony. The same impact with African culture, postcolonial Nigeria, when its writers saw the changes crept to their traditions. Their literary products concentrated on questioning their nation how to keep and reserve African identity from alternations. Chinua Achebe, the Nigerian writer tried to reflect his culture in a mirror to readers and challenge them with their own strength and weakness in his novel Arrow of God. His novel tackles these weaknesses of the traditional outlook and senses for change. The research paper tackles the concept of rootlessness in postcolonialism through Anglo-Irish novel The Death of the Heart (1938) of Elizabeth Bowen ,which is tackled in the first section , and postcolonial Nigerian novel Arrow of God (1964) written by Chinua Achebe in the second section. The paper ends with conclusions and works cited.

THE MORPHOLOGICAL CONTROVERSY OF MUHAMMAD BIN MUSTAFA AL-TAUSKARI IN HIS BOOK (BADAH AL-MUKTAFI FI SHARH KIFAYA AL-MUBTADI(

Disagreement occurred between the Basri and Kufi doctrines, in many branches, and each of them went to support his doctrine according to the method that he followed with textual and rational evidence, and the difference increased and raged between them for a long time, and the early scholars alerted to this grammatical dispute, and the first to write about it was a fox ( D. 291 AH) wrote his book (The Difference of Grammarians), then after that synonymous and successive books, hence my research was called (the morphological dispute at Al-Tauskari in his book Bada’a Al-Muktafi fi explaining the adequacy of Al-Mubtadi), and it included three sections that were previously translated by the author, and a foreword to the grammatical dispute, and dealt with In the first topic: the controversial issues that he preferred, while the second topic included the controversial issues that the author left without weighting, and the third topic is the issues that were called the agreement between scholars and they are originally in dispute: This research is on a number of Arabic sources, the most important of which are: Sibawayh’s book, al-Muqtadat, Usul fi Grammar, Explanation of the Mufassal, Rashish for beating, and other sources.

INDICATIVE ACCUMULATION IN THE HOLY QUR’AN

The research dealt with the most essential linguistic and expressive issues that contributed to this great Qur’an being summarized in its apparent phrases, abundant in its latent connotations, deep in its aims and objectives, and as a result it led to this amount of moral accumulation in its short glorious texts; Exemplified by the manifestations of miraculous expansion that no human being can encircle, no matter what he takes from the point of view and knowledge. Starting from (interlingual homophones Homonyms), passing through the phenomena (Qur’anic recitations), and ending with the phenomenon (metaphor); And that is through rapid tourism between the artifacts of those phenomena, and getting acquainted with their jurisprudence and the field of function , and the secrets contained under each of them, and the benefits and merits they added to the Holy text.

THE GRAMMATICAL CONTROVERSY OF SHEIKH ABDUL RAHMAN BIN MUHAMMAD, KNOWN AS AL-NARI

Disagreement occurred between the Basri and Kufi doctrines, in many branches, and each of them went to support his doctrine according to the method that he followed with textual and rational evidence, and the difference increased and raged between them for a long time, and the early scholars alerted to this grammatical dispute, and the first to write about it was a fox ( D. 291 AH) wrote his book (The Difference of Grammarians), then after that synonymous and successive writings, and from here, my research was called (The Grammatical Principles of Al-Aari in his book, Moniyat Al-Ragheb and for the sake of the student), and it included three sections. The first: the controversial issues that he preferred, while the second topic included the controversial issues that the author left without weighting, and the third topic was the issues that were called the agreement between scholars and they are originally in dispute: It contains a number of Arabic sources, the most important of which are: Sibawayh’s Kitab, Al Muqtada, Al Osoul in Grammar, Sharh Al Mufassal, Rashrif Al-Baqarah, and other sources.

THE FACTOR THEORY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE VIEWS OF AL-FARSI (D. 377 AH) THE BOOK (OPTICS ALBASARIAAT) AS A MODEL

In terms of its idea، the research is based on highlighting the importance of the grammatical work، or the idea of the grammatical factor، and shows the extent to which factor theory is related to the reality of grammatical language; Because the grammatical work is the orbit on which the structure of the vocabulary is based and made into useful sentences in the Arabic language، the sentence is built on the basis of the connection of two things or more، namely the predicate and the predicate، and this is equally between the two types of the sentence، whether it is nominal or de facto، because this connection occurs because of the existence of work between them; Because the subject of the predicate is the subject، i.e. the syntactic effect - which is the action - is caused by the subject، as well as in the actual sentence; The affixer of the subject is the verb، and this connection in the action، in turn، extends to the meaning; From the point of view of the meaning، it is not correct to omit one of the parties to the action; There is no predicate without the subject، and there is no subject without the verb، and the opposite is also true. The research touched on many views through which it shows the importance of the factor theory، and how grammar، since its inception، was originally based on the idea of work. Like Dr. Fadel Al-Samarrai، may God protect him.The research came to put a position in opposition to the voices that called for the denial and abolition of the factor theory، which was in its first appearance at the hands of Ibn Mada (d. 592 AH)، and other modernists who believed that the renewal of grammar is by canceling the factor theory and eliminating the causes; Because it is one of the things that brought Arabic grammar into a stalemate phase. Our research takes a different view of denying the idea of work. Rather، it stresses the importance of its existence and the impossibility of dispensing with it in the grammar lesson; Simply because it is one of the pillars of Arabic grammar. As for the scientific material on which the research is based، it is the book (Al-Masas’ al-Osatiya) by Abu Ali al-Farsi (d. 377 AH); Because in this book there are many grammatical issues through which the Persian interest in the idea of the grammatical factor appears; Therefore، it is correct that these issues that Al-Farsi put in place are a clear model for the research vision.

THEORY AND PRACTICE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTING

Success in language teaching and learning is a multidisciplinary process in which language testing is an important pillar of success beside the other surrounding factors which range from the teaching learning context to the learners and teachers’ personal and educational factors. The aim of the present study is to identify to what extent there is a harmony between the teaching learning context on one hand and the theories and techniques of language testing on the other, and whether there is a matching between these theories of language testing and the practicality of these theories. We believe that there is a great mismatch between theories and practice of language testing as a result of the practices and the necessary expertise and knowledge needed in testing. This situation affects, to a great extent, the experience of language teaching learning process. This paper is a qualitative historical survey on language teaching learning context and theories of testing and language testing in particular. To process the study some related studies and literature will be explored, and some instances of language testing will be used to support this theoretical framework and to confirm our hypothesis that there is a gap between what is taught and what is examined. The study will include its importance, the methodological procedures that will be followed to attain the findings, recommendations and suggestions for future studies to let discussion in this area furthered in the future.

LEXICON REFERENCING AND TEXT-PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS: CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS

This research seeks to study the functional relationship between the lexical units and what the hypotheses of textual linguistics and pragmatics put forward, and this is what required us to address the functional achievement achieved by words in terms of functions and values within texts according to relationships based on meaning, referral and intent. In order to reach an actual explanatory competence that guarantees accurate knowledge of how the lexicon works, this calls for research into the functional support relationships between levels of grammar, and semantics, and deliberation in building and interpreting the rules of text formation and discourses at the linguistic and pragmatic levels. This is on the grounds that the structural and semantic properties formed the core of the textual research, and therefore the textual research is carried out on the levels: grammar, semantics and circulation and it is not permissible to separate them. And the research on the relations of methodological compatibility and functional integration between the lexicon, text, and circulation, is usually related to the study of the textual-pragmatic functionalism accomplished by lexical units within texts, according to the processes of linking and cohesion between the constituent units of the text and the conversational processes performed between interlocutors in certain contextual conditions. Accordingly, the treatment of the established relationship between the lexicon, the text and the circulation remains determined mainly by clarifying the functions that words accomplish within the circle of communication, that is, studying the role of words and the extent to which they are related to the activity of speech. The boundaries drawn by dictionaries for the word within narrow circles, related to description and identification necessarily, will be different from those textual-deliberative conditions of the word included in the conversational processes charged with the terms of interaction and influence, and this is what prompts us to distinguish between the words deposited in the memory of dictionaries and their expressive efficiency achieved in the context.