Achilles tendon rupture in camel (Camelus dromedarius): Radiographic and Ultrasonographic findings

This study describes the clinical presentation of Achilles tendon rupture and evaluates the utility of radiography and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of such disorder in dromedary camels. Seventeen camels were included in this study based on the clinical, radiographic and ultrasonographic evidence of Achilles tendon rupture. The clinical, radiographic and sonographic findings of studied camels differ according to the type, duration, and location of the tendon rupture. Complete and incomplete rupture of the Achilles tendon was precisely diagnosed in five (29.4%) and twelve (70.6%) camels respectively; ruptured deep and superficial parts of the Achilles tendon were recorded in 10 (58.8%) and 2 (11.8%) camels respectively. Clinically, the camels exhibited an acute non-weight-bearing lameness (second to fourth-grade lameness), with swelling in the tendon near the calcaneus. Radiographs revealed swelling of the soft tissues surrounding the Achilles tendon just proximal to the calcaneal tuberosity in most of the camels with the presence of avulsion fracture of the calcaneus in few cases (n=2). Ultrasonographically, the ruptured part was precisely diagnosed as swollen, oedematous, heterogeneous structure with the presence of anechoic or hypoechoic areas (core lesion). In conclusion, lateromedial radiographs and ultrasonography were helpful in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of different types of Achilles tendon rupture and subsequent clinical decision and surgical interference in dromedary camels.

Achilles tendon rupture in camel (Camelus dromedarius): Radiographic and Ultrasonographic findings

This study describes the clinical presentation of Achilles tendon rupture and evaluates the utility of radiography and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of such disorder in dromedary camels. Seventeen camels were included in this study based on the clinical, radiographic and ultrasonographic evidence of Achilles tendon rupture. The clinical, radiographic and sonographic findings of studied camels differ according to the type, duration, and location of the tendon rupture. Complete and incomplete rupture of the Achilles tendon was precisely diagnosed in five (29.4%) and twelve (70.6%) camels respectively; ruptured deep and superficial parts of the Achilles tendon were recorded in 10 (58.8%) and 2 (11.8%) camels respectively. Clinically, the camels exhibited an acute non-weight-bearing lameness (second to fourth-grade lameness), with swelling in the tendon near the calcaneus. Radiographs revealed swelling of the soft tissues surrounding the Achilles tendon just proximal to the calcaneal tuberosity in most of the camels with the presence of avulsion fracture of the calcaneus in few cases (n=2). Ultrasonographically, the ruptured part was precisely diagnosed as swollen, oedematous, heterogeneous structure with the presence of anechoic or hypoechoic areas (core lesion). In conclusion, lateromedial radiographs and ultrasonography were helpful in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of different types of Achilles tendon rupture and subsequent clinical decision and surgical interference in dromedary camels.

Achilles tendon rupture in camel (Camelus dromedarius): Radiographic and Ultrasonographic findings

This study describes the clinical presentation of Achilles tendon rupture and evaluates the utility of radiography and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of such disorder in dromedary camels. Seventeen camels were included in this study based on the clinical, radiographic and ultrasonographic evidence of Achilles tendon rupture. The clinical, radiographic and sonographic findings of studied camels differ according to the type, duration, and location of the tendon rupture. Complete and incomplete rupture of the Achilles tendon was precisely diagnosed in five (29.4%) and twelve (70.6%) camels respectively; ruptured deep and superficial parts of the Achilles tendon were recorded in 10 (58.8%) and 2 (11.8%) camels respectively. Clinically, the camels exhibited an acute non-weight-bearing lameness (second to fourth-grade lameness), with swelling in the tendon near the calcaneus. Radiographs revealed swelling of the soft tissues surrounding the Achilles tendon just proximal to the calcaneal tuberosity in most of the camels with the presence of avulsion fracture of the calcaneus in few cases (n=2). Ultrasonographically, the ruptured part was precisely diagnosed as swollen, oedematous, heterogeneous structure with the presence of anechoic or hypoechoic areas (core lesion). In conclusion, lateromedial radiographs and ultrasonography were helpful in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of different types of Achilles tendon rupture and subsequent clinical decision and surgical interference in dromedary camels.

Achilles tendon rupture in camel (Camelus dromedarius): Radiographic and Ultrasonographic findings

This study describes the clinical presentation of Achilles tendon rupture and evaluates the utility of radiography and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of such disorder in dromedary camels. Seventeen camels were included in this study based on the clinical, radiographic and ultrasonographic evidence of Achilles tendon rupture. The clinical, radiographic and sonographic findings of studied camels differ according to the type, duration, and location of the tendon rupture. Complete and incomplete rupture of the Achilles tendon was precisely diagnosed in five (29.4%) and twelve (70.6%) camels respectively; ruptured deep and superficial parts of the Achilles tendon were recorded in 10 (58.8%) and 2 (11.8%) camels respectively. Clinically, the camels exhibited an acute non-weight-bearing lameness (second to fourth-grade lameness), with swelling in the tendon near the calcaneus. Radiographs revealed swelling of the soft tissues surrounding the Achilles tendon just proximal to the calcaneal tuberosity in most of the camels with the presence of avulsion fracture of the calcaneus in few cases (n=2). Ultrasonographically, the ruptured part was precisely diagnosed as swollen, oedematous, heterogeneous structure with the presence of anechoic or hypoechoic areas (core lesion). In conclusion, lateromedial radiographs and ultrasonography were helpful in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of different types of Achilles tendon rupture and subsequent clinical decision and surgical interference in dromedary camels.

Ultrasonography of the Cardiopulmonary System in Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

This article reviews the normal cardiac chamber appearance and quantitative dimensions in healthy dromedary camels. Besides, it shows results of ultrasonography of the lungs and pleura and its dimensions in camels. First part of the review deals with technique of echocardiography of the normal camel heart and cardiac dimensions, echocardiographic protocol and the results of the right and left parasternal ultrasonograms. It also reviews the minimum, maximum, mean values, standard deviations and coefficient of variation for the internal echocardiographic measurements in healthy camels. Second part of this review article deals with pulmonary ultrasonography and its technique and ultrasonographic finding in healthy camels. It also reviews the measurements for the dorsal and the ventral lung borders and the resulting dorsoventral dimensions of the right and left lungs. Both first and second parts are then followed by practical application of cardiopulmonary ultrasonography in camel medicine. This section shows in order the ultrasonographic findings in camels with white muscle disease (Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency), chronic pneumonia and pleuropneumonia in diseased camels.

Advances in application of dromedary camel tissue culture research

The dromedary camels have a great economic value in Asia and Africa, where they are kept for production of milk, meat, wool and leather; they are also used for transportation in some areas. Recently, the camel racing practice in the Middle East has added to the cultural value of dromedary camels, which lead to increased interest in improving their genetic makeup, reproductivity and treatment efficiency. Tissue culture-based therapy in domestic animals is described as safe with considerable welfares to the animals. Tissue culture application is currently growing in the fields of vaccine production, virus cultivation and study, cancer research, gene therapy, Immunological studies and molecular biology. In veterinary medicine tissue culture technique has been used for the study of viral infection dynamics and vaccine development and for treatment of many affection including musculoskeletal system injuries, liver disease and mastitis. However, in dromedary camels such applications are relatively less. The current work reviewed the available research on tissue culture in dromedary camels. Our review shed light on the therapeutic, genetic, preventive and reproductive contribution of tissue culture application in dromedary camels.

Prevalence and chemotherapy of contagious skin necrosis in dromedary camels at Qassim region, central of Saudi Arabia

This study was executed in Qassim region, central of Saudi Arabia to determine the clinical and therapeutic impact associated with contagious skin necrosis (CSN) in dromedary camels. One thousand dromedary camels were used in this study. The prevalence of contagious skin necrosis among examined camels was 2.70%. The prevalence of the disease was significantly (p = 0.01) higher in camels under three years (4.55%) than camels older than three years (1.49). Concerning gender predisposition, the prevalence was significantly (p = 0.0001) higher in male camels (13.78%) than females ones (1.14%). Clinically, camels infected with contagious skin necrosis showed lesions in the form of multiple circular necrotic areas of the skin and sometimes multiple abscesses in brisket and chest areas. Treatment of the infected camels using Amoxycillin and clavulanic acid gave the same results as penicillin plus streptomycin but it offers a faster cure rate. Finally, it can be concluded that contagious skin necrosis in camels is common in Saudi Arabia and Amoxycillin and clavulanic acid is the best choice for treatment.

Prevalence and chemotherapy of contagious skin necrosis in dromedary camels at Qassim region, central of Saudi Arabia

This study was executed in Qassim region, central of Saudi Arabia to determine the clinical and therapeutic impact associated with contagious skin necrosis (CSN) in dromedary camels. One thousand dromedary camels were used in this study. The prevalence of contagious skin necrosis among examined camels was 2.70%. The prevalence of the disease was significantly (p = 0.01) higher in camels under three years (4.55%) than camels older than three years (1.49). Concerning gender predisposition, the prevalence was significantly (p = 0.0001) higher in male camels (13.78%) than females ones (1.14%). Clinically, camels infected with contagious skin necrosis showed lesions in the form of multiple circular necrotic areas of the skin and sometimes multiple abscesses in brisket and chest areas. Treatment of the infected camels using Amoxycillin and clavulanic acid gave the same results as penicillin plus streptomycin but it offers a faster cure rate. Finally, it can be concluded that contagious skin necrosis in camels is common in Saudi Arabia and Amoxycillin and clavulanic acid is the best choice for treatment

Anatomical study of the external ear muscles of the camel with special reference to the external acoustic meatus and the blood and nerve supply

The purpose of this study was to describe the muscle anatomy of the external ear. Twelve head clinically healthy camels, 1-4 years old, were used in this study. They obtained from the Buraidah slaughterhouse. The study revealed that many ear muscles, which were responsible for the movement of the ear. These muscles distributed as dorsal, ventral, rostral and caudal muscles. The current study presented the external acoustic meatus, which has two parts cartilaginous, and osseous parts and it is covered with skin. The study indicated an external acoustic canal. The canal was long and oblique in camel; It prevents the rapid spread of epidemics, infections and the wounds or lesions of the tympanic membrane. As well as this study showed the external ear derived the nerves supply from the cranial auricular branch and caudal auricular branch. While the blood supply was given by caudal auricular and the rostral auricular arteries.

Prevalence and chemotherapy of contagious skin necrosis in dromedary camels at Qassim region, central of Saudi Arabia

This study was executed in Qassim region, central of Saudi Arabia to determine the clinical and therapeutic impact associated with contagious skin necrosis (CSN) in dromedary camels. One thousand dromedary camels were used in this study. The prevalence of contagious skin necrosis among examined camels was 2.70%. The prevalence of the disease was significantly (p = 0.01) higher in camels under three years (4.55%) than camels older than three years (1.49). Concerning gender predisposition, the prevalence was significantly (p = 0.0001) higher in male camels (13.78%) than females ones (1.14%). Clinically, camels infected with contagious skin necrosis showed lesions in the form of multiple circular necrotic areas of the skin and sometimes multiple abscesses in brisket and chest areas. Treatment of the infected camels using Amoxycillin and clavulanic acid gave the same results as penicillin plus streptomycin but it offers a faster cure rate. Finally, it can be concluded that contagious skin necrosis in camels is common in Saudi Arabia and Amoxycillin and clavulanic acid is the best choice for treatment.