Ultrasonography of the Cardiopulmonary System in Camels (Camelus
dromedarius)
This article reviews the normal cardiac chamber appearance and quantitative dimensions in healthy dromedary camels. Besides, it shows results of ultrasonography of the lungs and pleura and its dimensions in camels. First part of the review deals with technique of echocardiography of the normal camel heart and cardiac dimensions, echocardiographic protocol and the results of the right and left parasternal ultrasonograms. It also reviews the minimum, maximum, mean values, standard deviations and coefficient of variation for the internal echocardiographic measurements in healthy camels. Second part of this review article deals with pulmonary ultrasonography and its technique and ultrasonographic finding in healthy camels. It also reviews the measurements for the dorsal and the ventral lung borders and the resulting dorsoventral dimensions of the right and left lungs. Both first and second parts are then followed by practical application of cardiopulmonary ultrasonography in camel medicine. This section shows in order the ultrasonographic findings in camels with white muscle disease (Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency), chronic pneumonia and pleuropneumonia in diseased camels.