Chemical Variations of Thermally Modified Wild-Grown Bambusa Vulgaris Schrad.Ex J.C. Wendl from Nigeria

Determining the variation of chemical properties of thermally treated Bambusa vulgaris is important to provide the information of the responses of the chemical constituents to the bamboo modification against biodegradation. This research was therefore conducted to determine the chemical properties of thermally modified Bambusa vulgaris. Two hundred and seventy (30 x 2 x 0.5 cm) bamboo strips dimension were thermally modified in a heat-chamber at 100, 110, 120, 130 and 140 °C each, for 10, 20 and 30 minutes, under constant pressure (220 N/m2) in factorial arrangement in completely randomised design with 5 replicates. Unmodified strips served as control. Chemical characteristics (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and ash contents) were determined using standard procedures. The mean variation range of the control to 140°C/30 minutes of the thermally modified samples is as follows; the cellulose value ranged from 46.46±0.11% to 42.19±0.18%, hemicellulose from 35.59±0.10% to 31.80±0.01%, lignin from 29.11±0.12% to 26.17±0.13%, ash from 0.92±0.02% to 0.63±0.01%; the study also revealed that there were decrease in each chemical constituent value varies from a lower to a higher temperature and time regime proportionally except in the lignin content. Increase in temperature and time of thermal modification reduced the chemical characteristics of Bambusa vulgaris which resulted to reduction in the level of sugar contents (cellulose) of bamboo which enables it to be less attractive to both fungi and termite attack hence extending the service life of bamboo in use.

Green Chemistry and Process Intensification: Milestones on a Sustainable Development

As a philosophical support, green chemistry (GC) becomes at present well-combined into the scientific system to assist scientists and engineers consider how to decrease or remove waste and avert the employment and formation of hazardous substances in the design phase of chemicals. Such design attempts in turn affect the full life-cycle of the chemical, from getting the starting materials until the end-use product is recycled or disposed of. There is a considerable advance noted in such direction during the last three decades, this review focuses on GC research. As a comparatively fresh technique, revision in process intensification (PI) is fast and investigation could rapidly lead to outstanding outcomes. However, numerous features of PI could take more time to be fact. Much of the study stays in academic and industrial laboratories, even if large-scale implementations of micro-reactors are actuality. Fields of PI enterprise that have progressed quickly are the expansion of carbon capture techniques, an increasing interest in GC, and the beginning of momentous study into connecting solar energy to intensified methods like chemical reactions. Electric fields (e.g., microwaves and ultrasound) are observed in larger usages, and the application of electrokinetic forces at the micro- and nanoscale persist to fascinate. Huge investigations are working for the sake of ideas like the perfect reactor. PI remains a motif leading to attain a sustainable society. This work may be an orientation in the investigation of product development and design, production and application, in a constructive and stimulating way.