Large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by GPS dTEC maps over North and South America on Saint Patrick's Day storm in 2015

The nineteenth century saw the beginning of large-scale migration of population from western Europe to various countries of the world. North and South America had proven hospitable in previous centuries and the southern tip of Africa presented an equable climate as well as strategic location. The islands of the southern seas reached by Cook and Van Diemen proved equally attractive if more remote. In retrospect it seems inevitable that, with the exception of South America, they were bound to be English-speaking. Even South America had its British farming colonists at one stage. In 1826 just under two hundred Highland Scots embarked for Topo in the highlands of Colombia (United Kingdom, 1827). Significantly, one hundred and two of them were under fourteen years of age.

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Map of prospective hydrocarbon provinces of the world; North and South America

10.3133/mf1044a ◽

1978 ◽

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

The World ◽

North And South America ◽

North And South

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CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE CALCULATION OF U-PB DETRITAL ZIRCON MAXIMUM DEPOSITIONAL AGES: INSIGHTS FROM CRETACEOUS FOREARC AND FORELAND BASINS IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

10.1130/abs/2019am-341094 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

William A. Matthews ◽

◽

Daniel S. Coutts ◽

Benjamin G. Daniels ◽

Samantha C. Super ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Detrital Zircon ◽

Foreland Basins ◽

North And South America ◽

North And South

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IV.—The Geological Development, Descent and Distribution of the Mammalia

Geological Magazine ◽

10.1017/s0016756800173996 ◽

1893 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 401-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Karl A. von Zittel

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

The Past ◽

Limited Experience ◽

The World ◽

Relationship Of ◽

North And South America ◽

The Relationship ◽

North And South ◽

Animal World

In a spirited treatise on the ‘Origin of our Animal World’ Prof. L. Rütimeyer, in the year 1867, described the geological development and distribution of the mammalia, and the relationship of the different faunas of the past with each other and with that now existing. Although, since the appearance of that masterly sketch the palæontological material has been, at least, doubled through new discoveries in Europe and more especially in North and South America, this unexpected increase has in most instances only served as a confirmation of the views which Rutimeyer advanced on more limited experience. At present, Africa forms the only great gap in our knowledge of the fossil mammalia; all the remaining parts of the world can show materials more or less abundantly, from which the course followed by the mammalia in their geological development can be traced with approximate certainty.

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Observation of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances by spaced-path high-frequency instantaneous-frequency measurements

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres ◽

10.1029/jz067i003p00973 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 973-988 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

K. L. Chan ◽

O. G. Villard

Keyword(s):

Instantaneous Frequency ◽

High Frequency ◽

Large Scale ◽

Ionospheric Disturbances ◽

Frequency Measurements ◽

Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances

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Transatlantic Radicalism

10.3828/liverpool/9781800859609.001.0001 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Atlantic Ocean ◽

Case Studies ◽

Individual Case ◽

History Of ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Organizational Ties ◽

North And South America ◽

North And South ◽

Political Radicalism

The Atlantic Ocean not only connected North and South America with Europe through trade but also provided the means for an exchange of knowledge and ideas, including political radicalism. Socialists and anarchists would use this “radical ocean” to escape state prosecution in their home countries and establish radical milieus abroad. However, this was often a rather unorganized development and therefore the connections that existed were quite diverse. The movement of individuals led to the establishment of organizational ties and the import and exchange of political publications between Europe and the Americas. The main aim of this book is to show how the transatlantic networks of political radicalism evolved with regard to socialist and anarchist milieus and in particular to look at the actors within the relevant processes—topics that have so far been neglected in the major histories of transnational political radicalism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Individual case studies are examined within a wider context to show how networks were actually created, how they functioned and their impact on the broader history of the radical Atlantic.

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Mercury distribution in the upper troposphere and lower most stratosphere according to measurements by the IAGOS-CARIBIC observatory, 2014–2016

10.5194/acp-2017-1233 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Franz Slemr ◽

Andreas Weigelt ◽

Ralf Ebinghaus ◽

Johannes Bieser ◽

Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Total Mercury ◽

Trace Gases ◽

Boreal Winter ◽

Signal Integration ◽

Upper Troposphere ◽

Cloud Scavenging ◽

Passenger Aircraft ◽

North And South America ◽

North And South

Abstract. Mercury was measured onboard the IAGOS-CARIBIC passenger aircraft since May 2005 until February 2016 during nearly monthly sequences of mostly four intercontinental flights from Germany to destinations in North and South America, Africa, and South and East Asia. Most of these mercury data were obtained using an internal default signal integration procedure of the Tekran instrument but since April 2014 more precise and accurate data were obtained using post-flight manual integration of the instrument raw signal. In this paper we use the latter data. Elevated upper tropospheric total mercury (TM) concentrations due to large scale biomass burning were observed in the upper troposphere (UT) at the equator and southern latitudes during the flights to Latin America and South Africa in boreal autumn (SON) and boreal winter (DJF). TM concentrations in the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) decrease with altitude above the thermal tropopause but the gradient is less steep than reported before. Seasonal variation of the vertical TM distribution in the UT and LMS is similar to that of other trace gases with surface sources and stratospheric sinks. Using speciation experiments, we show that nearly identical TM and gaseous elementary mercury (GEM) concentrations exist at and below the tropopause. Above the thermal tropopause GEM concentrations are almost always smaller than those of TM and the TM – GEM (i.e. Hg2+) difference increases up to ~ 40 % of TM at ~ 2 km and more above the thermal tropopause. Correlations with N2O as a reference tracer suggest stratospheric lifetimes of 72 ± 37 and 74 ± 27 yr for TM and GEM, respectively, comparable to the stratospheric lifetime of COS. This coincidence, combined with pieces of evidence from us and other researchers, corroborates the hypothesis that Hg2+ formed by oxidation in the stratosphere attaches to sulfate particles formed mainly by oxidation of COS and is removed with them from the stratosphere by air mass exchange, gravitational sedimentation, and cloud scavenging processes.

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