Doubled Haploids in Genetics and Plant Breeding

2010 ◽  
pp. 57-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian P. Forster ◽  
William T. B. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Doubled Haploids

Haploidy and plant breeding

1981 ◽  
Vol 292 (1062) ◽  
pp. 499-507 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Doubled Haploids ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Additive Variance ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Dh Lines

A haploid is an organism that looks like a sporophyte, but has the chromosome complement of a reduced gamete. There are several ways in which haploids can occur or be induced in vivo : spontaneously, mostly associated with polyembryony, and through abnormal processes after crosses, like pseudogamy, semigamy, preferential elimination of the chromosomes of one parental species, and androgenesis. In the crops described, haploids are or are near to being used in basic research and plant breeding. The application of haploids in breeding self-pollinated crops is based on their potential for producing fully homozygous lines in one generation, which can be assessed directly in the field. Early generation testing of segregating populations is possible through haploids, because doubled haploids (DH) possess additive variance only. Haploids can also be applied in classical breeding programmes to make these more efficient through improved reliability of selection. The application of haploids in cross-pollinated crops is also based on a rapid production of DH-lines, which can be used as inbred lines for the production of hybrid varieties. By means of haploids all natural barriers to repeated selfing are bypassed. In autotetraploid crops there are two types of haploid. One cycle of haploidization leads to dihaploids; a second cycle produces monohaploids. The significance of dihaploids is in their greatly simplified genetics and breeding and in the possibility of estimation of the breeding value of tetraploid cultivars by assessing their dihaploids. The main drawback of dihaploids is their restriction to two alleles per locus. Also, after doubling, it is impossible to achieve tetra-allelism at many loci, the requirement for maximal performance of autotetraploid cultivars. Tetra-allelism can be obtained when improved dihaploids have a genetically controlled mechanism of forming highly heterozygous restitution gametes with the unreduced number of chromosomes. Monohaploids, after doubling or twice doubling, may lead to fully homozygous diploids and tetraploids. These are important for basic research, but not yet for practical application. Meiotic data of potato homozygotes at three ploidy levels are presented.

Molecular markers and doubled haploids in European plant breeding programmes

Euphytica ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 158 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stine Tuvesson ◽  
Christophe Dayteg ◽  
Per Hagberg ◽  
Outi Manninen ◽  
Pirjo Tanhuanpää ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Doubled Haploids ◽  
Breeding Programmes

The use of double haploids for detecting linkage and pleiotropy between quantitatively varying characters in spring barley

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. S. Caligari ◽  
W. Powell ◽  
J. L. Jinks
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Doubled Haploids ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Single Seed Descent ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Coupling Phase ◽  
Single Seed ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYThe relationships between pairs of characters are investigated using F1 and F2 derived doubled haploids as well as single seed descent lines from spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) crosses. It is shown that linkage disequilibrium and pleiotropy are factors affecting the relationship between characters in barley. In fact, the linkages found are in general in the coupling phase and pleiotropy is usually positive. The consequences of such relations for plant breeding are discussed.

scholarly journals Importance of parental genome balance in the generation of novel yet heritable epigenetic and transcriptional states during doubled haploid breeding

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Price ◽  
Javier Antunez-Sanchez ◽  
Nosheen Hussain ◽  
Anjar Wibowo ◽  
Ranjith Papareddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Doubled Haploid ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Epigenetic Modification ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Doubled Haploids ◽  
Parental Genome ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Epigenetic Manipulation ◽  
Doubled Haploid Breeding

AbstractBackgroundDoubling the genome contribution of haploid plants has accelerated breeding in most cultivated crop species. Although plant doubled haploids are isogenic in nature, they frequently display unpredictable phenotypes, thus limiting the potential of this technology. Therefore, being able to predict the factors implicated in this phenotypic variability could accelerate the generation of desirable genomic combinations and ultimately plant breeding.ResultsWe use computational analysis to assess the transcriptional and epigenetic dynamics taking place during doubled haploids generation in the genome of Brassica oleracea. We observe that doubled haploid lines display unexpected levels of transcriptional and epigenetic variation, and that this variation is largely due to imbalanced contribution of parental genomes. We reveal that epigenetic modification of transposon-related sequences during DH breeding contributes to the generation of unpredictable yet heritable transcriptional states. Targeted epigenetic manipulation of these elements using dCas9-hsTET3 confirms their role in transcriptional regulation. We have uncovered a hitherto unknown role for parental genome balance in the transcriptional and epigenetic stability of doubled haploids.ConclusionsThis is the first study that demonstrates the importance of parental genome balance in the transcriptional and epigenetic stability of doubled haploids, thus enabling predictive models to improve doubled haploid-assisted plant breeding.

PLANT BREEDING EVOLVING

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor Rajhathy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Doubled Haploids ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Practical Utilization ◽  
The Impact

The success of pre-Mendelian plant improvement, in spite of its intuitive, empirical and haphazard nature, is amply demonstrated by the multitude of highly adapted land races. Organized plant breeding emerged in the 18th century and made great strides in the 19th although a comprehensive theory was still lacking. Post-Mendelian plant breeding was defined and the impact of evolutionary and genetic theories was briefly examined. Breeders not only benefited from but also contributed to the Darwinian theory of evolution and were instrumental in developing the concept of quantitative inheritance of polygenic nature. The development of adapted triticale was selected as a case history for alloploid breeding and the major factors in recent success were identified. It was found that a combination of research with an extensive breeding program based on evolutionary principles was an essential element for success. Although triticale provides an illuminating model, additional ones with various genetic, breeding and developmental systems may expedite the practical utilization of de novo species. The emerging new methodology, an extension of molecular and microbial genetic methods to higher plants and tissue-culture work was outlined. These methods, when perfected, will probably remove isolation barriers to gene exchange and make the selection process vastly more effective. Some of the new methods, such as experimentally produced doubled haploids and the large scale propagation of virus-free plants via tissue-cultures, are already making an impact on the breeding of several species.

scholarly journals Haploids and Doubled Haploids in Plant Breeding

10.5772/29982 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Murovec ◽  
Borut Bohanec
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Doubled Haploids
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