Mouse skin transplantation is an established in vivo model used to investigate the T-cell-mediated immune response of acute allograft rejection. The critical endpoint of this model is complete rejection of the allograft. However, visual judgement of this end stage of rejection is an arbitrary process and difficult to standardize. To overcome this problem, we established a monitoring method based on digital photography. Serial pictures from skin allografts of individual animals (C57BL/6 on BALB/c) were taken with a digital camera mounted on a microsurgical microscope. Thereby, the description and the correct assessment of early stages of rejection were possible due to the magnification of grafts by the microscope. Rejection scores were introduced to describe different stages from retained to completely rejected grafts. With cyclosporine A as a standard immunosuppressive treatment, we showed that early stages of skin rejection were unambiguously identified. This procedure allows the earlier termination of the experiment and reduction of animal distress, and it can be re-evaluated anywhere and any time after completion. This study demonstrates the suitability of monitoring experimental skin allograft rejection by digital photography, entailing several refinements in animal experimentation, both for the researcher and for the animal.
Bone Lead Concentrations Assessed by in Vivo X-Ray Fluorescence