Biogenic Iron Sulfide Nanoparticles to Enable Extracellular Electron Uptake in Sulfate‐Reducing Bacteria

Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are traditionally considered as anaerobic organism. In this paper, the potential of sulfate reducing bacteria to cause mild steel corrosion under aerobic situation was investigated. Natural biopolymer agar and sulfate reducing bacteria cells were used to produce artificial biofilm. Micro-sensors were used to investigate the microenvironment in artificial biofilm. Environmental scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to study mild steel corrosion covered by artificial biofilm. The results indicated that SRB could grow and reduce sulfate both in suspension and in biofilm. The hydrogen sulfide produced by SRB and mild steel corrosion were influenced by the nutrients in the environment. The concentration of H2S in SRB biofilm exposed to culture medium was as twenty times as that exposed to marine water. The main corrosion product of mild steel in culture medium was iron sulfide, whereas the main product of mild steel in marine water was iron oxide.

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The effect of gram-positive (Desulfosporosinus orientis) and gram-negative (Desulfovibrio desulfuricans) sulfate-reducing bacteria on iron sulfide mineral precipitation

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/cjm-2017-0545 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (9) ◽

pp. 629-637 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

William Stanley ◽

Gordon Southam

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Iron Sulfide ◽

Desulfovibrio Desulfuricans ◽

Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽

Sulfide Mineral ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Sulfate Reducing ◽

Cell Autolysis ◽

Reducing Bacteria

Growth of two dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria, Desulfosporosinus orientis (gram-positive) and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (gram-negative), in a chemically defined culture medium resulted in similar growth rates (doubling times for each culture = 2.8 h) and comparable rates of H2S generation (D. orientis = 0.19 nmol/L S2–per cell per h; D. desulfuricans = 0.12 nmol/L S2–per cell per h). Transmission electron microscopy of whole mounts and thin sections revealed that the iron sulfide mineral precipitates produced by the two cultures were morphologically different. The D. orientis culture flocculated, with the minerals occurring as subhedral plate-like precipitates, which nucleated on the cell wall during exponential growth producing extensive mineral aggregates following cell autolysis and endospore release. In contrast, the D. desulfuricans culture produced fine-grained colloidal or platy iron sulfide precipitates primarily within the bulk solution. Mineral analysis by scanning electron microscopy – energy dispersive spectroscopy indicated that neither culture promoted advanced mineral development beyond a 1:1 Fe:S stoichiometry. This analysis did not detect pyrite (FeS2). The average Fe:S ratios were 1 : 1.09 ± 0.03 at 24 h and 1 : 1.08 ± 0.03 at 72 h for D. orientis and 1 : 1.05 ± 0.02 at 24 h and 1 : 1.09 ± 0.07 at 72 h for D. desulfuricans. The formation of “biogenic” iron sulfides by dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria is influenced by bacterial cell surface structure, chemistry, and growth strategy, i.e., mineral aggregation occurred with cell autolysis of the gram-positive bacterium.

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Pyrite and the Global Environment

Pyrite ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190203672.003.0012 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

David Rickard

Keyword(s):

Iron Sulfide ◽

Sulfide Oxidation ◽

Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽

Sulfide Mineral ◽

Sulfur Cycle ◽

Sulfate Reducing ◽

Global Dynamic ◽

Sulfur Oxidizing ◽

Life On Earth ◽

Reducing Bacteria

The two basic processes concerning pyrite in the environment are the formation of pyrite, which usually involves reduction of sulfate to sulfide, and the destruction of pyrite, which usually involves oxidation of sulfide to sulfate. On an ideal planet these two processes might be exactly balanced. But pyrite is buried in sediments sometimes for hundreds of millions of years, and the sulfur in this buried pyrite is removed from the system, so the balance is disturbed. The lack of balance between sulfide oxidation and sulfate reduction powers a global dynamic cycle for sulfur. This would be complex enough if this were the whole story. However, as we have seen, both the reduction and oxidation arms of the global cycle are essentially biological—specifically microbiological—processes. This means that there is an intrinsic link between the sulfur cycle and life on Earth. In this chapter, we examine the central role that pyrite plays, and has played, in determining the surface environment of the planet. In doing so we reveal how pyrite, the humble iron sulfide mineral, is a key component of maintaining and developing life on Earth. In Chapter 4 we concluded that Mother Nature must be particularly fond of pyrite framboids: a thousand billion of these microscopic raspberry-like spheres are formed in sediments every second. If we translate this into sulfur production, some 60 million tons of sulfur is buried as pyrite in sediments each year. But this is only a fraction of the total amount of sulfide produced every year by sulfate-reducing bacteria. In 1982 the Danish geomicrobiologist Bo Barker Jørgensen discovered that as much as 90% of the sulfide produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria was rapidly reoxidized by sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms. Sulfate-reducing microorganisms actually produce about 300 million tons of sulfur each year, but about 240 million tons is reoxidized. The magnitude of the sulfide production by sulfate-reducing bacteria can be appreciated by comparison with the sulfur produced by volcanoes. As discussed in Chapter 5, it was previously supposed that all sulfur, and thus pyrite, had a volcanic origin. In fact volcanoes produce just 10 million tons of sulfur each year.

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Improved Methodology for Bioremoval of Black Crusts on Historical Stone Artworks by Use of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.72.5.3733-3737.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 3733-3737 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Francesca Cappitelli ◽

Elisabetta Zanardini ◽

Giancarlo Ranalli ◽

Emilio Mello ◽

Daniele Daffonchio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Activity ◽

Iron Sulfide ◽

Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽

Desulfovibrio Vulgaris ◽

Sulfate Reducing ◽

Black Crusts ◽

Reducing Bacteria ◽

Cell Carriers

ABSTRACT An improved methodology to remove black crusts from stone by using Desulfovibrio vulgaris subsp. vulgaris ATCC 29579, a sulfate-reducing bacterium, is presented. The strain removed 98% of the sulfates of the crust in a 45-h treatment. Precipitation of black iron sulfide was avoided using filtration of a medium devoid of iron. Among three cell carriers, Carbogel proved to be superior to both sepiolite and Hydrobiogel-97, as it allowed an easy application of the bacteria, kept the system in a state where microbial activity was maintained, and allowed easy removal of the cells after the treatment.

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Deposition of Biogenic Iron Minerals in a Methane Oxidizing Microbial Mat

Archaea ◽

10.1155/2013/102972 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Christoph Wrede ◽

Sebastian Kokoschka ◽

Anne Dreier ◽

Christina Heller ◽

Joachim Reitner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Mats ◽

Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽

Microbial Reduction ◽

Microbial Mat ◽

The Black Sea ◽

Anaerobic Oxidation Of Methane ◽

Iron Sulfides ◽

Sulfate Reducing ◽

Reducing Bacteria ◽

Biogenic Iron

The syntrophic community between anaerobic methanotrophic archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria forms thick, black layers within multi-layered microbial mats in chimney-like carbonate concretions of methane seeps located in the Black Sea Crimean shelf. The microbial consortium conducts anaerobic oxidation of methane, which leads to the formation of mainly two biomineral by-products, calcium carbonates and iron sulfides, building up these chimneys. Iron sulfides are generated by the microbial reduction of oxidized sulfur compounds in the microbial mats. Here we show that sulfate reducing bacteria deposit biogenic iron sulfides extra- and intracellularly, the latter in magnetosome-like chains. These chains appear to be stable after cell lysis and tend to attach to cell debris within the microbial mat. The particles may be important nuclei for larger iron sulfide mineral aggregates.

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Biosynthesized Iron Sulfide Nanocluster Enhanced Anodic Current Generation by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria in Microbial Fuel Cells

ChemElectroChem ◽

10.1002/celc.201801086 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (24) ◽

pp. 4015-4020 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Muralidharan Murugan ◽

Waheed Miran ◽

Takuya Masuda ◽

Dae S. Lee ◽

Akihiro Okamoto

Keyword(s):

Fuel Cells ◽

Microbial Fuel Cells ◽

Iron Sulfide ◽

Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽

Anodic Current ◽

Current Generation ◽

Sulfate Reducing ◽

Reducing Bacteria

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Corrosion of Iron by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria: New Views of an Old Problem

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02848-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 80 (4) ◽

pp. 1226-1236 ◽

Cited By ~ 317

Author(s):

Dennis Enning ◽

Julia Garrelfs

Keyword(s):

Iron Sulfide ◽

Corrosion Damage ◽

Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽

Chemical Agent ◽

Iron Corrosion ◽

Economic Implications ◽

Sulfate Reducing ◽

Microbially Influenced Corrosion ◽

Corrosion Of Iron ◽

Reducing Bacteria

ABSTRACTAbout a century ago, researchers first recognized a connection between the activity of environmental microorganisms and cases of anaerobic iron corrosion. Since then, such microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) has gained prominence and its technical and economic implications are now widely recognized. Under anoxic conditions (e.g., in oil and gas pipelines), sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are commonly considered the main culprits of MIC. This perception largely stems from three recurrent observations. First, anoxic sulfate-rich environments (e.g., anoxic seawater) are particularly corrosive. Second, SRB and their characteristic corrosion product iron sulfide are ubiquitously associated with anaerobic corrosion damage, and third, no other physiological group produces comparably severe corrosion damage in laboratory-grown pure cultures. However, there remain many open questions as to the underlying mechanisms and their relative contributions to corrosion. On the one hand, SRB damage iron constructions indirectly through a corrosive chemical agent, hydrogen sulfide, formed by the organisms as a dissimilatory product from sulfate reduction with organic compounds or hydrogen (“chemical microbially influenced corrosion”; CMIC). On the other hand, certain SRB can also attack iron via withdrawal of electrons (“electrical microbially influenced corrosion”; EMIC),viz., directly by metabolic coupling. Corrosion of iron by SRB is typically associated with the formation of iron sulfides (FeS) which, paradoxically, may reduce corrosion in some cases while they increase it in others. This brief review traces the historical twists in the perception of SRB-induced corrosion, considering the presently most plausible explanations as well as possible early misconceptions in the understanding of severe corrosion in anoxic, sulfate-rich environments.

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