A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit—Part II: The Regenerator

Heavy petroleum industries, including the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit, are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The FCC unit’s regenerator is where these emissions originate mostly, meaning the operation of FCC regenerators has come under scrutiny in recent years due to the global mitigation efforts against climate change, affecting both current operations and the future of the FCC unit. As a result, it is more important than ever to develop models that are accurate and reliable at predicting emissions of various greenhouse gases to keep up with new reporting guidelines that will help optimise the unit for increased coke conversion and lower operating costs. Part 1 of this paper was dedicated to reviewing the riser section of the FCC unit. Part 2 reviews traditional modelling methodologies used in modelling and simulating the FCC regenerator. Hydrodynamics and kinetics of the regenerator are discussed in terms of experimental data and modelling. Modelling of constitutive parts that are important to the FCC unit, such as gas–solid cyclones and catalyst transport lines, are also considered. This review then identifies areas where the current generation of models of the regenerator can be improved for the future. Parts 1 and 2 are such that a comprehensive review of the literature on modelling the FCC unit is presented, showing the guidance and framework followed in building models for the unit.

Aktualisasi Nilai-Nilai Astha Brata Untuk Pengembangan Jiwa Kepemimpinan Generasi Z

<em>A government has several leadership traits, one of which is the leadership trait that comes from Java, namely Asta (Astha) Brata. Etymologically comes from Sanskrit, Asta means eight; and Brata: means practice or guidelines, in essence it contains eight teachings of leadership behavior which are symbolized by the attributes of the gods of nature, namely: sky, sun, wind, water, ocean, moon, stars, and fire. The current generation is still many who do not know the importance of the values contained in the teachings of Astha brata. This paper aims to manifest the values of Astha Brata for the development of the leadership spirit of Generation Z. This article uses a literature study method which will then be analyzed in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results carried out in the literature study stated that the leadership values in the teachings of Astha Brata can be manifested in the development of the leadership spirit of generation Z.</em>

Education and Epistemicide in Africa

Epistemicide is the exclusion or elimination of indigenous knowledge systems at the expense of the imperious, domineering, and colonial knowledge systems. To combat epistemicide in Africa and liberate the minds of the current generation, the authors propose a comprehensive ubuntu based model of education. This model suggests four interrelated strategies of liberation: 1) decolonization, 2) revalorization, 3) revitalization, and 4) construction and creation (DRRC) of knowledge. This chapter examines the contextual and conceptual background of education in Africa through a historical lens, provides a detailed description of the proposed model, and outlines some potential implementation challenges.

Környezetbiztonság – jövő nemzedékek védelme – elővigyázatosság

Összefoglaló. A biztonságpolitika és a környezetvédelem egyre fontosabbá váló közös kérdése a környezetbiztonság, a környezettel összefüggésben jelentkező veszélyhelyzetek, konfliktusok, válságok kezelése, lehetőség szerint megelőzése, hiszen azok a környezeti, társadalmi, gazdasági rendszerek stabilitását súlyosan megzavarják. Környezetbiztonságról akkor kerül szó, amikor a környezet terhelése, erőforrások felhasználása az elfogadhatónak tartott mértéket meghaladja. Erre példa, amikor ez környezeti migrációt vált ki vagy közreműködik vírusok terjedésében. Kiemelt kérdéseink egyike a jövő nemzedékek biztonságának veszélyeztetése, akiknek sorsa a mai generációk kezében van, számunkra jelent tehát kötelezettségeket. Az egyre szélesebb értelmet nyerő fenntartható fejlődés gondolata is e köré épül, erkölcsi értéket is megjelenítve egyben. A környezetvédelem és egyidejűleg a környezetbiztonság rendelkezésére álló számos eszköz, intézmény sorában – második részletesebben vizsgált kérdésként – előkelő helye van az elővigyázatosság elvének, hozzásegítve, hogy a lehető legkorábban próbáljuk kezelni a kockázatot jelentő helyzeteket, nem várva a teljes tudományos bizonyosságra azok létét illetően. Kiemelt témáink révén képet kapunk a kérdéskör komplexitásáról, sajátos összefüggéseinek rendszeréről, elhelyezve mindezt a környezetbiztonság egészében. Summary. Environmental security is unquestionably a vital element of both security and environmental policy, having a growing importance. This covers the management of conflicts, connected with environmental problems, the prevention and managing of crisis situations, which might seriously threaten the stability of environmental, social and economic systems in local, regional, national and global level. We may even assume that the effects of environmental degradation might always lead to possible conflicts, but the major delimitation is the extent. For example, one may mention environmental migration or the environmental implications of the current pandemic, due to the uncontrolled interaction between mankind and the natural environment. Environmental protection is a part of sustainable development, having ecological orientation. The most important constituents of sustainable development are inter- and intragenerational equity, both having a fundamental moral value. Environmental security is not only the enigma of the current generation but is connected to a great extent with the interests of future generations, who have no real influence on their own situation, as their destiny is in the hands of the current generation. The most suitable response should be to indicate the obligations of the current generation to protect the rights of the next ones. The Fundamental Law of Hungary is clear in this respect, placing future generations in the centre, among others in Article P). The substance of these references is clarified in the decisions of the Constitutional Court, using among others non-retrogression principle as a starting point. The latest decisions also refer to the precautionary principle as a major point of reference, which is a rational tool for both environmental security issues and for the protection of the rights of future generations. The precautionary principle means that we should control risky situations at the earliest possible stage, preceding the duty of prevention, not waiting till the full scientific certainty becomes reality. This requirement should form the basis of any activity having the chance for significant pollution, degradation, or generating a crisis situation. According to the Constitutional Court even the state – which has a primary responsibility in this respect – must take special care for the careful assessment of risks and should take all the available measures to avoid negative consequences. The Court also underlined that the precautionary principle has a constitutional character, based upon the rights of future generations.

Towards Autonomous Driving Using Vision Based Intelligent Systems

Vision Based systems have become an integral part when it comes to autonomous driving. The autonomous industry has seen a made large progress in the perception of environment as a result of the improvements done towards vision based systems. As the industry moves up the ladder of automation, safety features are coming more and more into the focus. Different safety measurements have to be taken into consideration based on different driving situations. One of the major concerns of the highest level of autonomy is to obtain the ability of understanding both internal and external situations. Most of the research made on vision based systems are focused on image processing and artificial intelligence systems like machine learning and deep learning. Due to the current generation of technology being the generation of “Connected World”, there is no lack of data any more. As a result of the introduction of internet of things, most of these connected devices are able to share and transfer data. Vision based techniques are techniques that are hugely depended on these vision based data.

MICROBIAL ENRICHMENT PROCESS IN THE ANODE OF MICROBIAL FUEL CELL SYSTEM USING TOFU WASTEWATER (TWW) ANAEROBIC SLUDGE

Microbial fuel cell consisting two main components which are anode and cathode materials. In the microbial fuel cell, both anode and cathode compartments are separated with a separator. Anode generates the protons and electrons while cathode converts protons into water with the presence electrons and oxygen. During the Microbial fuel cell operation, the performance of anode is very crucial due to it provides the protons and electrons. Hence, the high efficiency microbial fuel cell is very related with the high anode performance. This work addressed to the enrichment process of electroactive bacteria (EAB) in anode of microbial fuel cell. In this work, some parameters such as current generations, , and pH changes were used to assess the enrichment process of EAB was reached. In addition, the presence of EAB on the anode surface was identified based on the morphology of anode surface. The removal of COD and the pH value were determined by using the American public health analysis method and pH tester, respectively. The morphology of anode surface was analysed by using a scanning electron microscope. Whereas, current generation was tested by using a mustimeter. The removal of COD and final pH were obtained 71.4 % and 5.7, respectively. The optimum current generation was observed 0.19 mA. The surface morphology of anode before enriched with microbes was clear surface, while after enriched with microbes was attached by microbes. The removal of COD, pH changes, current generation and morphology of anode surface could be used to assess the EAB in the anode compartment. Keywords: Microbial fuel cell; anode; cathode; electroactive bacteria; pH changes.

Regulating genetic engineering guided by human dignity, not genetic essentialism

How might a liberal democratic community best regulate human genetic engineering? Relevant debates widely deploy the usually undefined term “human dignity.” Its indeterminacy in meaning and use renders it useless as a guiding principle. In this article, I reject the human genome as somehow invested with a moral status, a position I call “genetic essentialism.” I explain why a critique of genetic essentialism is not a strawman and argue against defining human rights in terms of genetic essentialism. As an alternative, I propose dignity as the decisional autonomy of future persons, held in trust by the current generation. I show why a future person could be expected to have an interest in decisional autonomy and how popular deliberation, combined with expert medical and bioethical opinion, could generate principled agreement on how the decisional autonomy of future persons might be configured at the point of genetic engineering.

Ultrafast Spectroscopy for Printable Photovoltaics

<p>The development of efficient and low cost photovoltaic technologies is key to a more sustainable energy pathway for future generations. Research efforts aimed at improving the performance of organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials have resulted in a continuous growth in power conversion efficiency (PCE) over time, with a recent maximum PCE value of 18.22% in a single bulk heterojunction device. However, further improved efficiency, stability and cost reduction are required in order for OPVs to succeed in the market. To produce better performing OPV devices in a rational way, it is necessary to understand the relationships between material properties (e.g. energy levels, recombination rates, charge carrier mobilities) and the photovoltaic parameters. This requires combining different fundamental techniques, such as spectroscopic, electrical and structural studies of the materials. In this thesis work we contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of charge photo-current generation in OPV layers by using transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) to directly measure the fate of the photo-excited species created upon light absorption. In particular, we contribute to the understanding of the dynamical properties of tightly bound, interfacial charge-transfer (CT) states at the donor:acceptor heterojunction. We disentangle the contributions from individual transient species to the overall TAS signal via the soft-modelling algorithm known as Multivariate Curve Resolution by Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS), and we use simple kinetic models to retrieve associated kinetic rates. Our first study explores the photo-physics of a family of polymers derived from the low-band-gap alternating copolymer PTBT where the sulphur atom in the thiadiazole unit was substituted with oxygen or selenium. The literature shows that replacing a single atom in the donor or acceptor unit of a polymer donor can cause large changes in the photovoltaic parameters, which cannot be explained considering only the variations in the optical band-gap. Opposite results have been reported on systems where a sulfur atom is replaced by selenium, and spectroscopic studies were lacking. Our TAS results on PTBO and PTBSe systems explain the superior photovoltaic performance of the original sulfur-containing variant PTBT, highlighting the low tolerance of these materials to backbone substitutions. In both PTBO and PTBSe systems, we identify strong recombination of geminate CT pairs as the major limiting factor of the Jsc and FF photovoltaic parameters. This is attributed to unfavourable electronic and conformational properties at the donor:acceptor interface. In the particular case of PTBSe:PC61BM, the recombination pathway of CT states with triplet character into the triplet exciton manifold is facilitated by the heavy atom effect, in addition to a highly intermixed morphology. Our second study comprises the spectroscopic comparison between fullerene and nonfullerene (NFA) OPV layers. The PCE of OPV devices was reaching a plateau in past years, which was overcomed thanks to the development of high efficiency NFA acceptors. Here, we compare charge generation and recombination between three systems featuring the same polymer donor PPDT2FBT matched with three different acceptors, namely the fullerene acceptor PC70BM, the small molecule nonfullerene acceptor NIDCS-HO and the polymeric acceptor N2200. Our results provide insight on the processes that limit the performance of each device, showing that small molecule NFA are promising acceptors, since morphology and disorder, the factors that we have found to be limiting the device performance, could potentially be tuned for the development of more efficient materials. For the all-polymer device based on the N2200 acceptor, we find that both geminate and nongeminate recombination are limiting the photovoltaic performance. Lastly, we investigate charge carrier dynamics in a series of solar devices composed predominantly of C60 and small amounts of organic small molecule donors, where their CT state energies are systematically varied. The well-defined microstructure in low-donor-content OPV blends makes it easier to correlate macroscopic properties to molecular parameters. Our results, in combination with time-delayed collection field (TDCF), and external quantum efficiency measurements (EQE) measurements at different bias performed by our collaborators, allow us to identify geminate recombination as the major loss channel. We find that the dynamics of the CT decay are connected to the CT state energy via the energy-gap law. In this way, the energy of the CT state is identified as the main parameter determining the efficiency of photocurrent generation in these morphologically well-defined donor:acceptor blends. Overall, the contributions in this thesis work demonstrate how TAS measurements can provide valuable information to construct a comprehensive picture of the underpinning mechanisms of charge photo-current generation in OPV layers, in particular by isolating the dynamical properties of interfacial charge-transfer (CT) states at the donor:acceptor heterojunction via modelling.</p>