Sex differences in spatial abilities of medical graduates entering residency programs

Jean Langlois; Georges A. Wells; Marc Lecourtois; Germain Bergeron; Elizabeth Yetisir; Marcel Martin

doi:10.1002/ase.1360

Spatial abilities of medical graduates and choice of residency programs

Anatomical Sciences Education ◽

10.1002/ase.1453 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 111-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Jean Langlois ◽

George A. Wells ◽

Marc Lecourtois ◽

Germain Bergeron ◽

Elizabeth Yetisir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Abilities ◽

Residency Programs ◽

Medical Graduates

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On sex differences in spatial abilities.

American Psychologist ◽

10.1037/0003-066x.41.9.1011.b ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 41 (9) ◽

pp. 1011-1012 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Merrill Hiscock

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Spatial Abilities

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Challenges of medical residency. Are they perceived and addressed differently by international medical graduates, Canadian medical graduates, and preceptors?

10.21203/rs.3.rs-17381/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Neda Abedi ◽

Michelle McCarren ◽

Farzaneh Sheidaei ◽

Andriyka L. Papish

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Multivariate Analyses ◽

International Medical ◽

International Medical Graduates ◽

Residency Programs ◽

Program Coordinators ◽

Medical Graduates ◽

Item Level ◽

Scale Scores ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background: Residency is an important and challenging part of medical education. Some of these challenges are common to all residents and some are specific to a particular group of residents. A number of studies have addressed the challenges of residency. To our knowledge, the experience of challenges from the perspective of international medical graduates (IMGs), Canadian medical graduates (CMGs), and their preceptors has not been studied in a single residency cohort. This study represents a valuable step in addressing the differential needs of international and Canadian medical graduates and in identifying the way different groups of residents can support each other to function better during residency.Methods: We surveyed residents and preceptors to determine what they perceive to be the greatest challenges for each group during residency. The survey was sent to the program coordinators of all English language psychiatry residency programs in Canada to be distributed to all residents and preceptors. Three reminders were sent, and a prize draw was offered to participants. Mean scale scores were calculated. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were calculated to compare resident self-ratings between groups, preceptors' ratings of each resident group's challenges, and all four groups' perceptions of the challenges experienced by different groups. To determine the particular types of challenges that residents experience, multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) were also used for item-level comparisons.Results: 177 residents and 82 preceptors completed the survey. We found no significant differences in the mean scale scores for how each group rated their own challenges though the most challenging area was different for each group of residents. Preceptors viewed FIMGs as experiencing the greatest challenges (M = 3.27, SD = 0.066, 95% CI [3.11, 3.41]) and CMGs, the least (M = 2.02, SD = 0.59, 95% CI [1.89, 2.16]; F (2, 227) = 88.030, p < 0.001).Conclusion: Although the degree of challenge perceived by all groups of residents was relatively similar in general, different groups of residents identified different areas of challenges from their own perspective, and these areas differed from those identified by their resident colleagues and preceptors as being challenging for each group. This study highlights the necessity for reviewing the needs, strengths, and challenges of each group of residents and the importance of better communication between preceptors and residents regarding the different areas of challenges.

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Effect of sex on specialty training application outcomes: a longitudinal administrative data study of UK medical graduates

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. e025004

Author(s):

Katherine Woolf ◽

Hirosha Jayaweera ◽

Emily Unwin ◽

Karim Keshwani ◽

Christopher Valerio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Medical School ◽

Administrative Data ◽

Training Programme ◽

Primary Outcome Measure ◽

Academic Attainment ◽

Specialty Training ◽

Medical Specialties ◽

Medical Graduates ◽

Training Programmes

ObjectivesTo examine sex differences in the specialty training recruitment outcomes of UK medical graduates; and whether sex differences were explained by prior academic attainment and previous fitness to practise (FtP) declarations.DesignRetrospective longitudinal cohort study.SettingAdministrative data on entrants to all UK medical schools from the UK Medical Education Database.Participants10 559 doctors (6 155; 58% female) who entered a UK medical school in 2007 or 2008 and were eligible to apply for specialty training by 2015.Primary outcome measureOdds of application, offer and acceptance to any specialty training programme, and on to each of the nine largest training programmes, adjusting for sex, other demographics, prior academic attainment, FtP declaration and medical school.ResultsAcross all specialties, there were no sex differences in applications for specialty training, but women had increased odds of getting an offer (OR=1.40; 95% CI=1.25 to 1.57; p<0.001) and accepting one (OR=1.43; 95% CI=1.19 to 1.71; p<0.001). Seven of the nine largest specialties showed significant sex differences in applications, which remained after adjusting for other factors. In the adjusted models, Paediatrics (OR=1.57; 95% CI=1.01 to 2.46; p=0.046) and general practice (GP) (OR=1.23; 95% CI=1.03 to 1.46; p=0.017) were the only specialties to show sex differences in offers, both favouring women. GP alone showed sex differences in acceptances, with women being more likely to accept (OR=1.34; 95% CI=1.03 to 1.76; p=0.03). Doctors with an FtP declaration were slightly less likely to apply to specialty training overall (OR=0.84; 95% CI=0.71 to 1.00; p=0.048) and less likely to accept an offer to any programme (OR=0.71; 95% CI=0.52 to 0.98; p=0.036), after adjusting for confounders.ConclusionsSex segregation between medical specialties is due to differential application, although research is needed to understand why men are less likely to be offered a place on to GP and Paediatrics training, and if offered GP are less likely to accept.

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Spatial abilities, sex differences, and lateral eye movements.

Developmental Psychology ◽

10.1037/0012-1649.15.4.455 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 455-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

William J. Ray ◽

Susan Georgiou ◽

Richard Ravizza

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Spatial Abilities ◽

Lateral Eye

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Sex Differences in a Causal Model of Mathematics Achievement

Journal for Research in Mathematics Education ◽

10.5951/jresematheduc.15.5.0361 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 361-377 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Corinna A. Ethington ◽

Lee M. Wolfle

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Mathematics Achievement ◽

Causal Model ◽

Spatial Visualization ◽

Spatial Abilities ◽

Predictor Variables ◽

Covariance Structures ◽

Men And Women ◽

Using Data

Using data from the “High School and Beyond” study, this paper reexamines the reason men and women differ in mathematics achievement by means of a covariance-structures causal model of mathematics achievement, which permits the estimation of effects while accounting for known measurement error in the predictor variables. Our results indicate that sex continues to have a significant effect on mathematics achievement even after controlling for sex differences in spatial abilities, background in mathematics, and interest in mathematics. Separate analyses by sex, however, indicate that the process of mathematics achievement differs between men and women. In particular, women tend to have less spatial visualization ability than men, but the effects of this variable on mathematics achievement are greater for women.

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Sex differences in spatial abilities: Methodological problems in Hoffman et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1114679109 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 109 (10) ◽

pp. E583-E583 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D. H. Bailey ◽

R. A. Lippa ◽

M. Del Giudice ◽

R. Hames ◽

D. C. Geary

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Spatial Abilities ◽

Methodological Problems

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Human Intelligence: Sex Differences

Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae ◽

10.1017/s000156600001031x ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 24 (3-4) ◽

pp. 189-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Lissy F. Jarvik

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Strong Evidence ◽

Spatial Information ◽

Spatial Abilities ◽

Human Intelligence ◽

Extensive Review ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Genetic Studies ◽

Mode Of Inheritance

An extensive review of the literature on sex differences in human intelligence leads to the conclusion that there is strong evidence for sex differences in processing both verbal and spatial information. The few genetic studies that there are all point toward a sex-linked mode of inheritance of certain spatial abilities.

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