Sea urchin embryo metallothionein (MT) mRNAs MTa and MTb have distinct cDNA sequences and are transcripts of different genes of a multigene family. These MT mRNAs differ in size and in their 3'-untranslated sequences. They encode proteins that are unusual among MT isotypes in that the relative positions of their cysteine residues are partially out of register, suggesting potential differences in function. In pluteus larvae MTa mRNA is expressed abundantly and exclusively in the ectoderm, while MTb mRNA, which is restricted to the endomesoderm at a low endogenous level, can be induced to a high level by heavy metal ions (M2+). MT mRNA is present in the maternal reservoir of the egg and is predominantly (greater than 95%) MTa mRNA. Endogenous expression in the embryo, which is at a much higher level than in the egg, requires M2+ for gene transcription, is developmentally regulated, and is greater than 90% MTa mRNA. When induced by added M2+, however, MTa and MTb mRNAs accumulate to almost equal levels. The differences in the ratios of MTa/MTb expressed endogenously and inductively are not attributable to differences in the stabilities of these MT mRNAs, which were observed under conditions of M2+ depletion, or in their inducibilities, which were observed at moderate to high M2+ levels. We found, instead, that the MTa gene responds to M2+ at a lower threshold level than MTb, so that at very low M2+ concentrations the ratio of induced MTa/MTb mRNA is high and equivalent to the endogenous ratio. Thus, endogenous expression of the MTa gene is selectively enhanced in the ectoderm by determinants that are responsive at low M2+ threshold concentrations.
Spinelli G and Birnstiel ML. The modulator is a constitutive enhancer of a developmentally regulated sea urchin histone H2A gene. BioEssays 2002;24:850-857