AbstractCells expend a large amount of energy to maintain their DNA sequence. DNA repair pathways, cell cycle checkpoint activation, proofreading polymerases, and chromatin structure are ways in which the cell minimizes changes to the genome. During replication, the DNA damage tolerance pathway allows the replication forks to bypass damage on the template strand. This avoids prolonged replication fork stalling, which can contribute to genome instability. The DNA damage tolerance pathway includes two sub-pathways: translesion synthesis and template switch. Post-translational modification of PCNA and the histone tails, cell cycle phase, and local DNA structure have all been shown to influence sub-pathway choice. Chromatin architecture contributes to maintaining genome stability by providing physical protection of the DNA and by regulating DNA processing pathways. As such, chromatin-binding factors have been implicated in maintaining genome stability. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we examined the role of Spn1, a chromatin binding and transcription elongation factor, in DNA damage tolerance. Expression of a mutant allele of SPN1 results in increased resistance to the DNA damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate, lower spontaneous and damage-induced mutation rates, along with increased chronological lifespan. We attribute these effects to an increased usage of the template switch branch of the DNA damage tolerance pathway in the spn1 strain. This provides evidence for a role of wild type Spn1 in promoting genome instability, as well as having ties to overcoming replication stress and contributing to chronological aging.
Helicase-Like Transcription Factor HLTF and E3 Ubiquitin Ligase SHPRH Confer DNA Damage Tolerance through Direct Interactions with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA)