Developmental changes in baseline cortisol activity in early childhood: Relations with napping and effortful control

2004 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Watamura ◽  
Bonny Donzella ◽  
Darlene A. Kertes ◽  
Megan R. Gunnar
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Baseline Cortisol

scholarly journals Habitual sleep is associated with both source memory and hippocampal subfield volume during early childhood

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Riggins ◽  
Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Cognitive Networks ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Typically Developing

Abstract Previous research has established important developmental changes in sleep and memory during early childhood. These changes have been linked separately to brain development, yet few studies have explored their interrelations during this developmental period. The goal of this report was to explore these associations in 200 (100 female) typically developing 4- to 8-year-old children. We examined whether habitual sleep patterns (24-h sleep duration, nap status) were related to children’s performance on a source memory task and hippocampal subfield volumes. Results revealed that, across all participants, after controlling for age, habitual sleep duration was positively related to source memory performance. In addition, in younger (4–6 years, n = 67), but not older (6–8 years, n = 70) children, habitual sleep duration was related to hippocampal head subfield volume (CA2-4/DG). Moreover, within younger children, volume of hippocampal subfields varied as a function of nap status; children who were still napping (n = 28) had larger CA1 volumes in the body compared to children who had transitioned out of napping (n = 39). Together, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that habitually napping children may have more immature cognitive networks, as indexed by hippocampal integrity. Furthermore, these results shed additional light on why sleep is important during early childhood, a period of substantial brain development.

Tracking Developmental Changes in the Neural Mechanisms of Speech Parsing from Early Childhood through Adulthood with fMRI

NeuroImage ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. S118
Author(s):  
K McNealy ◽  
A Martin ◽  
LA Borofsky ◽  
JC Mazziotta ◽  
M Dapretto
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Changes

scholarly journals Positive parenting, effortful control, and developmental outcomes across early childhood.

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tricia K. Neppl ◽  
Shinyoung Jeon ◽  
Olivia Diggs ◽  
M. Brent Donnellan
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Positive Parenting

Parenting, anger, and effortful control as predictors of child externalizing behavior

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia L. Smith ◽  
Kimberly L. Day
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Child Characteristics ◽  
Maternal Report ◽  
Child Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Controlling Behaviors

Externalizing behaviors observed in early childhood have been found to be stable, particularly for boys, but little research has investigated the antecedents of these behaviors, especially how the antecedents may differentially relate to externalizing behaviors in boys and girls. The goal of this study was to explore predictors of externalizing behaviors concurrently in toddlerhood and longitudinally to preschool. When children ( n = 140) were 30–36 months old, maternal supportive and controlling behaviors were observed, and children’s effortful control and anger were measured through observations and maternal report. Mothers reported on children’s externalizing behavior during toddlerhood and approximately 2 years later ( n = 116). Although mean level differences were not found between boys and girls, effortful control was differentially related to externalizing behaviors in toddlerhood. Higher levels of effortful control were associated with less externalizing behaviors for boys but not for girls. Additionally, anger was positively related to externalizing behaviors. Few associations were found for maternal behaviors, which emphasizes the importance of child characteristics in externalizing behaviors. Our findings emphasize how future research should continue to examine relations of early antecedents to concurrent and later externalizing behaviors even if mean level sex differences are not found.

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