scholarly journals Long‐term restoration success of insect herbivore communities in seminatural grasslands: a functional approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Neff ◽  
M. Carol Resch ◽  
Anja Marty ◽  
Jacob D. Rolley ◽  
Martin Schütz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Approach ◽  
Insect Herbivore ◽  
Restoration Success ◽  
Seminatural Grasslands ◽  
Herbivore Communities

Evaluating Riparian Restoration Success: Long-Term Responses of the Breeding Bird Community in California’s Lower Putah Creek Watershed

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Dybala ◽  
Andrew Engilis ◽  
John A. Trochet ◽  
Irene E. Engilis ◽  
Melanie L. Truan
Keyword(s):  
Bird Community ◽  
Riparian Restoration ◽  
Breeding Bird ◽  
Restoration Success ◽  
Creek Watershed ◽  
Putah Creek

scholarly journals Plant and insect herbivore community variation across the Paleocene–Eocene boundary in the Hanna Basin, southeastern Wyoming

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7798
Author(s):  
Lauren E. Azevedo Schmidt ◽  
Regan E. Dunn ◽  
Jason Mercer ◽  
Marieke Dechesne ◽  
Ellen D. Currano
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
High Water ◽  
Insect Herbivore ◽  
Herbivore Damage ◽  
Late Paleocene ◽  
Hanna Basin ◽  
Laramide Basins ◽  
Herbivore Communities

Ecosystem function and stability are highly affected by internal and external stressors. Utilizing paleobotanical data gives insight into the evolutionary processes an ecosystem undergoes across long periods of time, allowing for a more complete understanding of how plant and insect herbivore communities are affected by ecosystem imbalance. To study how plant and insect herbivore communities change during times of disturbance, we quantified community turnover across the Paleocene­–Eocene boundary in the Hanna Basin, southeastern Wyoming. This particular location is unlike other nearby Laramide basins because it has an abundance of late Paleocene and Eocene coal and carbonaceous shales and paucity of well-developed paleosols, suggesting perpetually high water availability. We sampled approximately 800 semi-intact dicot leaves from five stratigraphic levels, one of which occurs late in the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). Field collections were supplemented with specimens at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science. Fossil leaves were classified into morphospecies and herbivore damage was documented for each leaf. We tested for changes in plant and insect herbivore damage diversity using rarefaction and community composition using non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations. We also documented changes in depositional environment at each stratigraphic level to better contextualize the environment of the basin. Plant diversity was highest during the mid-late Paleocene and decreased into the Eocene, whereas damage diversity was highest at the sites with low plant diversity. Plant communities significantly changed during the late PETM and do not return to pre-PETM composition. Insect herbivore communities also changed during the PETM, but, unlike plant communities, rebound to their pre-PETM structure. These results suggest that insect herbivore communities responded more strongly to plant community composition than to the diversity of species present.

MAXIMIZING RESTORATION SUCCESS WHEN THE GOOD GROUND IS GONE

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
Alex Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Repeated Cycle ◽  
Restoration Success ◽  
Fundamental Causes ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Construction Schedules

INTRODUCTION “The good ground is gone” often refers to the challenging nature of construction sites these days. Building on steeper slopes and within tighter boundaries while accelerating construction schedules is adding to the challenge of construction managers. Often the revegetation and restoration is unfortunately not planned or timed for successful long-term vegetation success. Site soil conditions are frequently overlooked and the timing necessary for seed germination, expression, and establishment are rarely factors in determining the schedule of seeding applications for optimum results. All too often less than desired results or failure is the accepted outcome. This will increase the future maintenance costs and encourage the repeated “finger pointing” while seeking to blame one cause or another. Typically, this often-repeated process fails to address the fundamental causes and thereby rarely fixes the problems moving forward. In an effort to break out of this all too often repeated cycle, let's break down the principle challenges and explore options for successful restoration of challenging sites. Successful, long-term revegetation starts with the soil. Without quality soil that takes years to accumulate naturally, revegetation efforts regularly fail or the outcomes are less than ideal. During construction, mining, and general land disturbing activities the soil will be degraded even while practicing the best topsoil harvesting and stock-piling management practices. Many areas where vegetation is desired are essentially mineral without any organic matter or biological activity. When available, stockpiled topsoil will also degrade; the environment within the pile will create conditions that microbes, essential for plant health, will be negatively affected. The longer the stripped soils are stockpiled, the more living organisms are lost. Recommendations and even requirements for limiting the depth of the pile to reduce the loss of beneficial microbes is rarely possible given the tight boundaries of project limits facing site operators. When the stockpile depth is able to be minimized, the pile must also be turned regularly to reduce the loss of the essential nutrient cycling microbiome present in healthy soils.

scholarly journals The early wasp plucks the flower: disparate extant diversity of sawfly superfamilies (Hymenoptera: ‘Symphyta’) may reflect asynchronous switching to angiosperm hosts

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Tommi Nyman ◽  
Renske E Onstein ◽  
Daniele Silvestro ◽  
Saskia Wutke ◽  
Andreas Taeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Insect Herbivore ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Asynchronous Switching ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Insect Order ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Diversity Dynamics ◽  
Herbivore Communities

AbstractThe insect order Hymenoptera originated during the Permian nearly 300 Mya. Ancestrally herbivorous hymenopteran lineages today make up the paraphyletic suborder ‘Symphyta’, which encompasses c. 8200 species with very diverse host-plant associations. We use phylogeny-based statistical analyses to explore the drivers of diversity dynamics within the ‘Symphyta’, with a particular focus on the hypothesis that diversification of herbivorous insects has been driven by the explosive radiation of angiosperms during and after the Cretaceous. Our ancestral-state estimates reveal that the first symphytans fed on gymnosperms, and that shifts onto angiosperms and pteridophytes – and back – have occurred at different time intervals in different groups. Trait-dependent analyses indicate that average net diversification rates do not differ between symphytan lineages feeding on angiosperms, gymnosperms or pteridophytes, but trait-independent models show that the highest diversification rates are found in a few angiosperm-feeding lineages that may have been favoured by the radiations of their host taxa during the Cenozoic. Intriguingly, lineages-through-time plots show signs of an early Cretaceous mass extinction, with a recovery starting first in angiosperm-associated clades. Hence, the oft-invoked assumption of herbivore diversification driven by the rise of flowering plants may overlook a Cretaceous global turnover in insect herbivore communities during the rapid displacement of gymnosperm- and pteridophyte-dominated floras by angiosperms.

The Influence of Soil Type on Rain Forest Insect Herbivore Communities

Biotropica ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus P. Eichhorn ◽  
Stephen G. Compton ◽  
Sue E. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Insect Herbivore ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Herbivore Communities

INSECT HERBIVORE COMMUNITIES TRACKED THE CONIFER AGATHIS (ARAUCARIACEAE) FROM PALEOGENE PATAGONIA TO MODERN AUSTRALASIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Donovan ◽  
◽  
Conrad C. Labandeira ◽  
Conrad C. Labandeira ◽  
Ari Iglesias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Insect Herbivore ◽  
Herbivore Communities
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