scholarly journals Plant abundance, but not plant evolutionary history, shapes patterns of host specificity in foliar fungal endophytes

Ecosphere ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Austen Apigo ◽  
Ryoko Oono
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Plant Abundance

Host specificity in spinturnicid mites: do parasites share a long evolutionary history with their host?

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Baulechner ◽  
Nina I. Becker ◽  
Jorge A. Encarnação
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Evolutionary History

scholarly journals Endophytic Fungal Diversity in Medicinal Plants of Western Ghats, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monnanda Somaiah Nalini ◽  
Ningaraju Sunayana ◽  
Harischandra Sripathy Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Ethnobotanical Uses

Endophytes constitute an important component of microbial diversity, and in the present investigation, seven plant species with rich ethnobotanical uses representing six families were analyzed for the presence of endophytic fungi from their natural habitats during monsoon (May/June) and winter (November/December) seasons of 2007. Fungal endophytes were isolated from healthy plant parts such as stem, root, rhizome, and inflorescence employing standard isolation methods. One thousand five hundred and twenty-nine fungal isolates were obtained from 5200 fragments. Stem fragments harbored more endophytes (80.37%) than roots (19.22%). 31 fungal taxa comprised of coelomycetes (65%), hyphomycetes (32%), and ascomycetes (3%). Fusarium, Acremonium, Colletotrichum, Chaetomium, Myrothecium, Phomopsis, and Pestalotiopsis spp. were commonly isolated. Diversity indices differed significantly between the seasons (P<0.001). Species richness was greater for monsoon isolations than winter. Host specificity was observed for few fungal endophytes. UPGMA cluster analysis grouped the endophytes into distinct clusters on the basis of genetic distance. This study is the first report on the diversity and host-specificity of endophytic fungal taxa were from the semi evergreen forest type in Talacauvery subcluster of Western Ghats.

Comparison of loline alkaloid gene clusters across fungal endophytes: Predicting the co-regulatory sequence motifs and the evolutionary history

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1002-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandi L. Kutil ◽  
Charles Greenwald ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Martin J. Spiering ◽  
Christopher L. Schardl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Regulatory Sequence ◽  
Sequence Motifs

scholarly journals Effect of Fungal Endophytes on Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Trifolium Subterraneum and Poa Pratensis as Affected by Plant Host Specificity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos García-Latorre ◽  
Sara Rodrigo ◽  
Oscar Santamaria
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Mineral Uptake ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Herbage Yield

Abstract The introduction of well-adapted species, such as Trifolium subterraneum and Poa pratensis, might enhance the forage yield and quality of dehesas pastures for feeding livestock. However, the climatic hardness and poor soils in these agrosystems may limit plant establishment and development. Since fungal endophytes have been found to alleviate the environmental stresses of their host, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of five isolates on forage yield, nutritive value and plant mineral uptake after their inoculation in the two above-mentioned plant species. Two experiments were established (under greenhouse and field conditions) using plants inoculated with two isolates in 2012/2013 (Epicoccum nigrum, Sporormiella intermedia) and three isolates in 2013/2014 (Mucor hiemalis, Fusarium equiseti, Byssochlamys spectabilis). Thus, F. equiseti (E346) increased the herbage yield of T. subterraneum under greenhouse conditions, B. spectabilis was found to improve the forage quality of T. subterraneum by reducing fibre content and of P. pratensis by increasing crude protein. Also, S. intermedia increased the mineral uptake of Ca, Cu, Mn, Pb, Tl and Zn in subclover and M. hiemalis, the uptake of K and Sr in Kentucky bluegrass. These results evidenced the potential of the studied fungal endophytes to enhance herbage yield and the forage nutritional value, although further studies should include all of the intended forage species as certain host specificity in the effect was observed.

scholarly journals On the evolution of host specificity: a case study of helminths

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaina C. Pfenning-Butterworth ◽  
Sebastian Botero-Cañola ◽  
Clayton E. Cressler
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Evolutionary Constraint ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Strong Signal ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Alternative Perspective ◽  
Host Parasite

ABSTRACTThe significant variation in host specificity exhibited by parasites has been separately linked to evolutionary history and ecological factors in specific host-parasite associations. Yet, whether there are any general patterns in the factors that shape host specificity across parasites more broadly is unknown. Here we constructed a molecular phylogeny for 249 helminth species infecting free-range mammals and find that the influence of ecological factors and evolutionary history varies across different measures of host specificity. Whereas the phylogenetic range of hosts a parasite can infect shows a strong signal of evolutionary constraint, the number of hosts a parasite infects does not. Our results shed new light on the evolution of host specificity in parasites, suggesting that phylogenetic breadth may capture the evolutionary potential of a parasite to jump between hosts, whereas the number of hosts may reflect ecological opportunity. Finally, we show parasite phylogenies can also provide an alternative perspective on zoonosis by identifying which hosts are infected by a broad phylogenetic range of parasites.

scholarly journals Co-structure analysis and genetic associations reveal insights into pinworms (Trypanoxyuris) and primates (Alouatta palliata) microevolutionary dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Solórzano-García ◽  
Ella Vázquez-Domínguez ◽  
Gerardo Pérez-Ponce de León ◽  
Daniel Piñero
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Alouatta Palliata ◽  
Howler Monkey ◽  
Genetic Associations ◽  
Howler Monkeys ◽  
Mantled Howler ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Background In parasitism arm race processes and red queen dynamics between host and parasites reciprocally mold many aspects of their genetics and evolution. We performed a parallel assessment of population genetics and demography of two species of pinworms with different degrees of host specificity (Trypanoxyuris multilabiatus, species-specific; and T. minutus, genus-specific) and their host, the mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata), based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite loci (these only for the host). Given that pinworms and primates have a close co-evolutionary history, covariation in several genetic aspects of their populations is expected. Results Mitochondrial DNA revealed two genetic clusters (West and East) in both pinworm species and howler monkeys, although population structure and genetic differentiation were stronger in the host, while genetic diversity was higher in pinworms than howler populations. Co-divergence tests showed no congruence between host and parasite phylogenies; nonetheless, a significant correlation was found between both pinworms and A. palliata genetic pairwise distances suggesting that the parasites’ gene flow is mediated by the host dispersal. Moreover, the parasite most infective and the host most susceptible haplotypes were also the most frequent, whereas the less divergent haplotypes tended to be either more infective (for pinworms) or more susceptible (for howlers). Finally, a positive correlation was found between pairwise p-distance of host haplotypes and that of their associated pinworm haplotypes. Conclusion The genetic configuration of pinworm populations appears to be molded by their own demography and life history traits in conjunction with the biology and evolutionary history of their hosts, including host genetic variation, social interactions, dispersal and biogeography. Similarity in patterns of genetic structure, differentiation and diversity is higher between howler monkeys and T. multilabiatus in comparison with T. minutus, highlighting the role of host-specificity in coevolving processes. Trypanoxyuris minutus exhibits genetic specificity towards the most frequent host haplotype as well as geographic specificity. Results suggest signals of potential local adaptation in pinworms and further support the notion of correlated evolution between pinworms and their primate hosts.

scholarly journals Effect of Fungal Endophytes on Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Trifolium Subterraneum and Poa Pratensis as Affected by Plant Host Specificity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos García-Latorre ◽  
Sara M. Rodrigo ◽  
OSCAR SANTAMARIA
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Mineral Uptake ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Herbage Yield

Abstract The introduction of well-adapted species, such as Trifolium subterraneum and Poa pratensis, might enhance the forage yield and quality of dehesas pastures for feeding livestock. However, the climatic hardness and poor soils in these agrosystems may limit plant establishment and development. Since fungal endophytes have been found to alleviate the environmental stresses of their host, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of five isolates on forage yield, nutritive value and plant mineral uptake after their inoculation in the two above-mentioned plant species. Two experiments were established (under greenhouse and field conditions) using plants inoculated with two isolates in 2012/2013 (Epicoccum nigrum, Sporormiella intermedia) and three isolates in 2013/2014 (Mucor hiemalis, Fusarium equiseti, Byssochlamys spectabilis). Thus, F. equiseti (E346) increased the herbage yield of T. subterraneum under greenhouse conditions, B. spectabilis was found to improve the forage quality of T. subterraneum by reducing fibre content and of P. pratensis by increasing crude protein. Also, S. intermedia increased the mineral uptake of Ca, Cu, Mn, Pb, Tl and Zn in subclover and M. hiemalis, the uptake of K and Sr in Kentucky bluegrass. These results evidenced the potential of the studied fungal endophytes to enhance herbage yield and the forage nutritional value, although further studies should include all of the intended forage species as certain host specificity in the effect was observed.

scholarly journals Effect of fungal endophytes on plant growth and nutrient uptake in Trifolium subterraneum and Poa pratensis as affected by plant host specificity

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1217-1231
Author(s):  
Carlos García-Latorre ◽  
Sara Rodrigo ◽  
Oscar Santamaria
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Mineral Uptake ◽  
Fusarium Equiseti ◽  
Herbage Yield

AbstractThe introduction of well-adapted species, such as Trifolium subterraneum (subclover) and Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass), might enhance the forage yield and quality of dehesa pastures for feeding livestock. However, the climatic hardness and poor soils in these agrosystems may limit plant establishment and development. Since fungal endophytes have been found to alleviate the environmental stresses of their host, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of five isolates on forage yield, nutritive value, and plant mineral uptake after their inoculation in the two abovementioned plant species. Two experiments were established (under greenhouse and field conditions) using plants inoculated with two isolates in 2012/2013 (Epicoccum nigrum, Sporormiella intermedia) and three isolates in 2013/2014 (Mucor hiemalis, Fusarium equiseti, Byssochlamys spectabilis). Fusarium equiseti (E346) increased the herbage yield of T. subterraneum under greenhouse conditions, and B. spectabilis improved the forage quality of T. subterraneum by reducing fiber content and of P. pratensis by increasing crude protein. S. intermedia increased the mineral uptake of Ca, Cu, Mn, Pb, Tl, and Zn in subclover, and M. hiemalis increased the uptake of K and Sr in Kentucky bluegrass. These results evidence the potential of the studied fungal endophytes to enhance herbage yield and nutritional value of forage, although further studies should include all of the target forage species as certain host specificity in the effect was observed.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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