Functional analysis and classification of homozygous and hypomorphic ABCA4 variants associated with Stargardt macular degeneration

This work presents the systematized Russian and foreign scientific knowledge about the specific functioning of advertisement discourse in multiethnic society. The methodology of this research is based on the structural semiotic approach, functional analysis, an institutional-discourse method, an activity approach. The analysis of a big number of advertisement texts served the basis for typological classification of ethno cultural codes in the structure of media advertisement communication. The idea of this typology is heterogeneity advertisement texts, which are organized on the basis of the three semiotic systems: visual, verbal and acoustic. The understanding and realization of the idea of hybrid text modeling in the advertisement design allows one to improve its effectiveness, which results from the increase of the level of advertising information perception and the degree of its impact to the people. This demonstrates the importance of such professional qualities for advertisement specialists as the readiness and ability to work in multicultural society.

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The evolution of functional design in rudists (Hippuritacea) and its taxonomic implications

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.1978.0069 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 284 (1001) ◽

pp. 305-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Keyword(s):

Functional Analysis ◽

Evolutionary Trends ◽

Functional Design ◽

Poor Understanding ◽

Solid Foundation ◽

Taxonomic Implications ◽

Shell Geometry ◽

Flexible Model

Poor understanding of rudist growth geometry and anatomy has hampered systematic studies of the superfamily. A flexible model that simulates the growth of rudist shells is therefore presented so that evolutionary trends in the group may be consistently analysed; this model is constructed by rotational or irrotational stacking of inclined gnomons around a contained axis. Functional analysis of shell geometry and reconstructed anatomy provides a more solid foundation for rudist systematics. The first rudists (Diceratidae) employed one or other of the spirogyrate umbones, inherited from megalodontid ancestors, as a facultatively elevating encrustation stem. Invagination of the ligament in the Caprotinidae permitted uncoiling of the shell, though this also entailed reduced gaping and therefore externalization of food entrapment, with increasing involvement of the mantle margins. Caprotinid functional design was preadapted to several new adaptive zones, which were exploited by various advanced descendant groups. Some of these groups show homeomorphic evolution and have often been assembled by earlier workers into polyphyletic ‘families’ (e.g. Caprinidae). An attempt is therefore made to establish a skeletal classification of rudists on the basis of true clades, as distinguished by careful functional analysis.

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