The evolution of functional design in rudists (Hippuritacea) and its taxonomic implications

1978 ◽  
Vol 284 (1001) ◽  
pp. 305-318 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary Trends ◽  
Functional Design ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
Shell Geometry ◽  
Flexible Model

Poor understanding of rudist growth geometry and anatomy has hampered systematic studies of the superfamily. A flexible model that simulates the growth of rudist shells is therefore presented so that evolutionary trends in the group may be consistently analysed; this model is constructed by rotational or irrotational stacking of inclined gnomons around a contained axis. Functional analysis of shell geometry and reconstructed anatomy provides a more solid foundation for rudist systematics. The first rudists (Diceratidae) employed one or other of the spirogyrate umbones, inherited from megalodontid ancestors, as a facultatively elevating encrustation stem. Invagination of the ligament in the Caprotinidae permitted uncoiling of the shell, though this also entailed reduced gaping and therefore externalization of food entrapment, with increasing involvement of the mantle margins. Caprotinid functional design was preadapted to several new adaptive zones, which were exploited by various advanced descendant groups. Some of these groups show homeomorphic evolution and have often been assembled by earlier workers into polyphyletic ‘families’ (e.g. Caprinidae). An attempt is therefore made to establish a skeletal classification of rudists on the basis of true clades, as distinguished by careful functional analysis.

Classification of Iteration in Engineering Design Processes

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Safoutin ◽  
Robert P. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Design Automation ◽  
Automated Design ◽  
Design Processes ◽  
Standard Definition ◽  
Design Iteration ◽  
Formal Study ◽  
Poor Understanding

Abstract As engineering design is subjected to increasingly formal study, an informal attitude continues to surround the topic of iteration. Today there is no standard definition or typology of iteration, no grounding theory, few metrics, and a poor understanding of its role in the design process. Existing literature provides little guidance in investigating issues of design that might be best approached in terms of iteration. We review contributions of existing literature toward the understanding of iteration in design, develop a classification of design iteration, compare iterative aspects of human and automated design, and draw some conclusions concerning management of iteration and approaches to design automation.

Taxonomic implications and evolutionary trends in pollen of Canadian Ericales

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 3113-3126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry G. Warner ◽  
C. C. Chinnappa
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Morphology ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Evolutionary Trends ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Grains ◽  
Evolutionary Progression ◽  
Scanning Electron

The pollen of 61 of about 80 taxa of Ericales that occur in Canada are described through the use of light and scanning electron microscopy. Five main pollen types are recognized: (I) compact tetrads in which the individual grains are not clearly delimited when rolled and viewed in all positions, and possessing costae endopori or costae endocolpi, (II) tetrads in which the individual grains are clearly and consistently delimited, occasionally possessing costae endopori or costae endocolpi, (III) a category in which grains within the tetrad are not consistently delimited, and lack costae endopori or costae endocolpi, (IV) loose tetrads in which individual grains are poorly fused, and (V) monads. A key identifies general morphological distinctions among the pollen groups or species. This survey of the pollen morphology of the Ericales supports conventional taxonomic treatments. We favour treatment of Monotropaceae and Pyrolaceae as separate families and suggest the elevation of Orthila secunda to its own monotypic family. The Clethraceae and Orthila secunda may be better treated outside the Ericales. We propose that the tetrad pollen of most Ericales is a derived condition from the more primitive trizonocolporate monad of the Cyrillaceae, Clethraceae, and Orthila secunda. Subfamily Vaccinioideae (Ericaceae) and Empetraceae, through subfamily Rhododendroideae (Ericaceae), to Pyrola and Moneses (Pyrolaceae), and finally to Chimaphila (Pyrolaceae) represent the evolutionary progression based on a trend from compact tetrads to loose individual grains within the tetrad. Finally the most advanced group is represented by the zonoaperturate monads of the Monotropaceae. This evolutionary progression based on pollen morphology is in accord with general principles of tetrad formation during microsporogenesis and with evolutionary relationships suggested by the macromorphology, phytochemistry, embryology, and degree of dependence on a fungal symbiont.

Taxonomy of Grid Systems

2010 ◽  
pp. 20-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba Kurdi ◽  
Maozhen Li ◽  
H. S. Al-Raweshidy
Keyword(s):  
Grid Computing ◽  
End Users ◽  
Grid Systems ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
Comprehensive Classification

Advances in Grid computing are stimulating the emergence of novel types of Grids. Accessible Grids, manageable Grids, interactive Grids and personal Grids represent a significant evolution of Grid computing. More and more researchers are realising the potentials of emerging Grids in bridging the current gap between Grid technologies and end users. Nevertheless, no reviews or classifications on emerging Grids are available. Therefore, this chapter aims to give a review on Grid systems. It sets out to develop a comprehensive classification of both traditional and emerging Grid systems with an aim to motivate further research and to assist in establishing a solid foundation in such a rapidly developing and expanding field.

scholarly journals Interaction of Universal and Ethnocultural Codes in Structure of Advertisement Communication

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 01206
Author(s):  
Elena N. Ezhova ◽  
Oksana A. Dvoenko
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Institutional Discourse ◽  
Multicultural Society ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Cultural Codes ◽  
The People ◽  
Semiotic Approach ◽  
Semiotic Systems ◽  
Advertising Information

This work presents the systematized Russian and foreign scientific knowledge about the specific functioning of advertisement discourse in multiethnic society. The methodology of this research is based on the structural semiotic approach, functional analysis, an institutional-discourse method, an activity approach. The analysis of a big number of advertisement texts served the basis for typological classification of ethno cultural codes in the structure of media advertisement communication. The idea of this typology is heterogeneity advertisement texts, which are organized on the basis of the three semiotic systems: visual, verbal and acoustic. The understanding and realization of the idea of hybrid text modeling in the advertisement design allows one to improve its effectiveness, which results from the increase of the level of advertising information perception and the degree of its impact to the people. This demonstrates the importance of such professional qualities for advertisement specialists as the readiness and ability to work in multicultural society.

scholarly journals NATpare: a pipeline for high-throughput prediction and functional analysis of nat-siRNAs

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 6481-6490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Thody ◽  
Leighton Folkes ◽  
Vincent Moulton
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Software Pipeline ◽  
Resource Requirements ◽  
Time Required ◽  
First Time ◽  
Specific Mrna

Abstract Natural antisense transcript-derived small interfering RNAs (nat-siRNAs) are a class of functional small RNA (sRNA) that have been found in both plant and animals kingdoms. In plants, these sRNAs have been shown to suppress the translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by directing the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to their sequence-specific mRNA target(s). Current computational tools for classification of nat-siRNAs are limited in number and can be computationally infeasible to use. In addition, current methods do not provide any indication of the function of the predicted nat-siRNAs. Here, we present a new software pipeline, called NATpare, for prediction and functional analysis of nat-siRNAs using sRNA and degradome sequencing data. Based on our benchmarking in multiple plant species, NATpare substantially reduces the time required to perform prediction with minimal resource requirements allowing for comprehensive analysis of nat-siRNAs in larger and more complex organisms for the first time. We then exemplify the use of NATpare by identifying tissue and stress specific nat-siRNAs in multiple Arabidopsis thaliana datasets.

scholarly journals Two integrated and highly predictive functional analysis-based procedures for the classification of MSH6 variants in Lynch syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 847-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Drost ◽  
Yvonne Tiersma ◽  
Dylan Glubb ◽  
Scott Kathe ◽  
Sandrine van Hees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Lynch Syndrome

Rethinking the Peircean trichotomy of icon, index, and symbol

Semiotica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (213) ◽  
pp. 165-175
Author(s):  
Ersu Ding
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Charles Sanders Peirce ◽  
Solid Foundation

AbstractClassification of signs into various kinds is a vital enterprise in semiotic research. As early as over a century ago, the American semiotician Charles Sanders Peirce laid down a solid foundation for this work by proposing his famous trichotomy of signs. Later scholars have been mostly applying Peirce’s theory to their own semiotic studies rather than challenging the inadequacies that exist therein, thus giving rise to a great number of confusions or even contradictions. The present article modifies Peirce’s theory from the perspective of sign emergence and evolution and emphasizes the importance of understanding sign transformations.

Production accuracy of polymer composite material components

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (11) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
G. V. Malysheva ◽  
◽  
T. A. Guzeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Polymer Composite Material ◽  
Functional Design ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Shrinkage Effect ◽  
Surface Layer Quality

The main conditions of manufacturing support of the quality of polymer composite material components are set out. The life cycle, functional, design and technological tolerances, the surface layer quality and methods for providing preset accuracy are discussed. The classification of manufacturing types is given. The shrinkage effect is considered on an example of polymer composite components produced with different accuracy. The quality characteristics of the surface layers and the quality class values are presented for components based on the thermoplastic and thermosetting matrixes.

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