Interdiscourse as Inherent Characteristic of Institutional Discourse (on the Example of Educational Discourse)

The article is devoted to the types of interaction of educational discourse with other types of institutional communication: political, economic and medical. The author studies how fragments of discourse function and form semantic potential in official styles of speech where interdiscourse is traditional and describes forms of discourse genre interference caused by global events of 2020: coronavirus epidemic, presidential election in the USA and others. In the article educational discourse is understood in its broad sense which allows to examine the periphery of discourse practice where communication of individuals of equal status and variety of functional styles are natural. The process of interference is studied on micro and meso levels of discourse where certain lexico-sematic fields, key-words, clichs which characterize professional genres of communication serve as markers of interdiscourse and on macro level where historical and social context is considered to define functional styles. Methods of descriptive, discourse and contextual analyses are implemented. The author draws the conclusion that on all levels of institutional interaction the elements of educational discourse are semiotic components of communication, can serve as means of representation of political, economic or medical discourse practice, have pragmatic potential and can be used in argumentative or informative speech strategies the choice of which depends on the type of discourse. On macro level elements of educational discourse often extend beyond specific concepts limited to professional subjects and the discourse itself becomes a part of a bigger subordinating discourse formation.

The old new theory of modern Russian psychiatry: a biopsychosocial approach (institutional discourse)

The article is discussed («Review of psychiatry and medical psychology named after V.M. Bekhterev». 2020; 2: 3-15), which examines the biopsychosocial model as the theoretical basis (scientific, clinical, preventive, therapeutic) of modern psychiatry, in particular, the biological (genetic) domain.The purpose of the discourse: from the standpoint of philosophy and methodology of science, to determine the place of the biological domain (biomedical research) of the biopsychosocial (biopsychosocial—spiritual) (BPS) approach (theory) in Russian psychiatry, in particular, from the standpoint of the subject of psychiatry and its main section-clinical psychiatry.Based on methodology and philosophy, and based on anthropological and holistic approaches, the biological domain of the BPS model, which is based on clinical psychiatry as a practice and, accordingly, theory, is discussed through the subject of psychiatry as a science. The significance and role of the subject of psychiatry (pathology, disorders, abnormalities of mental activity) in the ICD-10 and the components of the biopsychosocial (model) approach are discussed. There are differences in the domains of the model and the difficulties of clinical diagnosis (multi-axis, functional, multidimensional) and, accordingly, the study of the etiopathogenesis of mental disorders, the "bias" of diagnosis and therapy. The article deals with the neurological component of the biological domain and the "expansion" of neurologists into psychiatry, which leads to hidden antipsychiatry. The author emphasizes the independence, contiguity and two-paradigm nature of psychiatry as a science (with its own unity of subject and its own method of research—clinical and psychopathological). In addition to the interdisciplinarity of clinical neuroscience, it is proposed to be multidisciplinary (for the sections of psychiatry), but the future belongs to the transdisciplinary research methodology.

POSITIVE EFFECTS OF FEMALE STEREOTYPES FUNCTIONING (ILLUSTRATED BY THE CASE OF THE UKRAINIAN MILITARY NON-INSTITUTIONAL DISCOURSE)

The abstract reveals effects of female stereotypes functioning. Studying the gender stereotype’s psychological and social functions, we have noted the following positive effects of female stereotypes functioning in the Armed Forces of Ukraine: 1) destruction of gender typology, overcoming polarization between femininity and masculinity as polar opposite genders; 2) changing the vector of gender priorities from the predominance of belonging to certain gender to the predominance of belonging to the corporate military culture; that makes it crucial to perceive and evaluate a woman, first of all, as a representative of military professional activity; 3) creation of psychological prerequisites for the prevalence of a positive emotional state in the military collective and formation of communication principles characterized by empathy.

Bērnu tiesību diskurss Apvienotajā Karalistē

The goal of the article is to describe the main characteristics of the children's rights discourse in the United Kingdom. To achieve the said goal, the author provides a description and definition of discourse, institutional discourse, legal discourse, and children’s rights discourse while also applying the characteristics of the said discourses to determine the main characteristics of the children rights discourse in the United Kingdom. Children’s rights discourse in the United Kingdom is an institutional subordination system defined by legislation (primary and secondary acts), and this legislation is the source of special lexis used in the discourse. Participants of the discourse are government institutions, children and family members, nongovernmental organisations, mass media, and the general public. All participants of the children’s rights discourse in the United Kingdom can have an effect on the discourse, which in turn might affect the special-use lexis of the discourse.

ECONOMIC DISCOURSE AS A TYPE OF INSTITUTIONAL DISCOURSE

The research deals with the study of the English language economic discourse and its basic characteristics. The object of the article is discourse in general and the main approaches to its interpretation. The subject of the investigation is the English economic discourse as one of its institutional types. The aim of the research is to highlight the main linguistic characteristics of the English economic discourse. Economic discourse is defined as a type of discourse, in which the process of speech production based on certain economic ideas. Each of the texts of discourse creates a special field of discussion in relation to economy, and the texts within this discourse are aimed at the communication between the experts in the field which determines the institutionality of the communication. Thus, economic discourse is a complex communicative phenomenon implemented in the speech practice of subjects of economic activity. The characteristic features of the economic discourse are strict visual design, minimum usage of tropes and figures of speech, the use of persuasive devices, neologisms, idioms and numerous abbreviations used with the aim of compressing the transmitted knowledge. Neologisms, idioms and abbreviations that function in English economic discourse present special difficulties for translators. Therefore the perspective of the further research is seen in the study of translation techniques in reproducing various lexical, grammatical and syntactical features of the English economic discourse into the Ukrainian language.

Parallel Corpora and ST Analysis: EU Regulations on Immigration in the Specialised Translation Classroom

Starting from the assumption that “if corpora are to play a role in the translation professions of tomorrow, it is important that they impact on the education of the students of today” (Bernardini & Castagnoli, 2008, p. 40), this study endeavours to show how translation corpora of parallel texts (in English and in Italian) can be used in a Specialised Translation Master’s degree classroom. The point of departure is to examine parallel or aligned texts (originals and their translations) taken from the various European Union websites available for citizens to read and consult. The corpora currently being gathered include a variety of text typologies ranging from legal documents (such as regulations or directives), to administrative documents (such as White and Green papers) or informative texts (such as leaflets, brochures or web texts) (Felici, 2010, p. 101), all of them dealing with migration and asylum issues. The various types of documents are analysed quantitatively and qualitatively in class according to the following three main methodologies: Corpus Linguistics (Stubbs, 1996), Genre Analysis (Swales, 1990; Bhatia, 1993) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday, 1985; Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004). Classroom experiences in the past few years have shown that building ad hoc corpora (or do-it-yourself corpora as coined by Krüger, 2012, p. 514) for classroom consumption is a valuable and precious learning tool which enables students to hone their practical skills in the resource gathering process and consequently in the translation process itself. This study focuses on an EU regulation and shows how a lesson in class can be conducted with students at Cagliari University, Italy. The aim is to get students to work on the quantitative aspects along with the more qualitative linguistic elements of the ST (Source Text) in order to obtain greater awareness and understanding of professional translator strategies used by the professionals in the translation agencies of European Union institutions. From an educational and academic point of view, the linguistic and contrastive analysis of certain features of the ST along with the investigation of specialised terminology associated with contexts of migration and asylum and their equivalents in the TT (Target Text), have so far provided the Master’s students at Cagliari University with useful insights and sound knowledge of the linguistic characteristics of legal and institutional discourse in both English and Italian.

STAGES OF LEGAL DISCOURSE DEVELOPMENT IN LINGUISTICS

Although the term ‘discourse’ has been defined by many researchers in linguistics, it still remains an abstract concept. This is because there are different views on discourse and text, discourse and language, and discourse and speech oppositions, and the study of this problem in linguistics is of a particular importance. Besides linguistics, ‘discourse’ is also studied in sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and other fields as the primary research object of social theories. And this requires an interdisciplinary study of this issue. Today discourse is considered in the framework of Forensic linguistics, which connects jurisprudence and linguistics, and the disclosure of the linguistic and extralinguistic features of legal discourse is one of the main goals and objectives of this field. Institutional discourse, which differs from colloquial discourse in terms of direction, speech constraints, structure, purpose, and other characteristics, it is divided into political, administrative, religious, advertising, and other subtypes. Legal discourse, which is a type of institutional discourse, manifests itself as a statutory institutional dialogue and involves its participants, namely the judge-defendant-lawyer-prosecutor- witness, and so on. This article defines legal discourse as the object of research, and before the author writes about the development of this discourse, she describes the use of discourse as a linguistic term, its typology, legal discourse, and its peculiarities. Moreover, the research article examines the English and Uzbek legal discourse within specific periods and provides the legal language and terms that are actively employed in each period. The study aims to compare the periodic formation of the English and Uzbek legal discourse, as well as to present the changes and differences in the legal language and terminology over the centuries and to illustrate them with examples. To this end, the opinions of various linguists and lawyers, and many historical sources have been provided and scientifically substantiated.

Introduction

The introduction of this book frames the transition from state socialism to market capitalism that began in Eastern Europe and Central Asia in 1989 as a story of “winners” and “losers.” Ghodsee and Orenstein grapple with the different viewpoints held by scholars and policymakers, some of whom view transition as a qualified success, and some who view it as a socioeconomic catastrophe. Ghodsee and Orenstein introduce the interdisciplinary approach that the book will take, touching upon research methodology in economics, demography, public opinion, and ethnography. The introduction also provides an account of changes in academic and institutional discourse over time, explaining the initial perspectives of transition and showing where theories were proven correct, and where they failed, over the course of the thirty-year transition. It proposes a new perspective to understand transition, one of extreme social and economic inequality, that captures the experiences of both the “winners” and the “losers” of transition.

DISCOURSOLOGY: TRENDS AND TASKS (theoretical overview)

The article is devoted to the consideration of the main directions and tasks of modern discourse as a branch of linguistics. The term "discourse" is used in different meanings and is the subject of study in different scientific areas. The purpose of the article is to provide a brief overview of the main directions of discourse analysis and to outline the main tasks of discoursology as a branch of linguistics. Depending on the methodological orientation, researchers distinguish the following areas of discourse research: formal, functional (represented by semiotic and situational approaches) and activity-based. The opposition of personality-oriented and status-oriented discourse is relevant. In the first case, communicators who know each other well take part in communication, in the second case, communication is reduced to a dialogue between representatives of one or another social group. Personal discourse is represented by two main varieties – existential and everyday discourses. The peculiarity of everyday discourse is the desire to compress the transmitted information as much as possible, to reach a special abbreviated code of communication. Existential discourse is designed to find and experience essential meanings, here we are not talking about obvious things, but about the artistic and philosophical comprehension of the world. Status-oriented discourse is an institutional communication, i.e. speech interaction of representatives of social groups or institutions with each other, with people who realize their status and role opportunities within existing social institutions, the number of which is determined by the needs of society at a particular stage of its development. Among its varieties are political, administrative, legal, military, pedagogical, religious, mystical, medical, business, advertising, sports, scientific, stage and media types of institutional discourse. The researchers note that the list may be supplemented or modified. The key problems of discourse analysis remain the structure and stratification of discourse, the establishment of its features, units, categories, types; elucidation of ways of organizing various discursive invariants, development of methods and procedures of analysis and description of discourses.