Management Guidelines for Small Water Supply Systems Part I

Opflow ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-7
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Rimeika ◽  
Anželika Jurkienė

The main performance indicators of a water supply system include the quality and safety of water, continuous work, relevant pressure and small water loss. The majority of foreign and local projects on reducing water loss have been carried out in the water supply systems of metropolitans; however, the specificity of small settlements differs from that of big cities. Differences can be observed not only in the development of infrastructure and technical indicators but also in the features of water consumption. The article presents the analysis of water loss formation and describes reduction measures in a small settlement. The conducted research defines that water loss in big cities is much smaller than that in small settlements. The major part of water used in small settlements is applied for agrarian purposes rather than for domestic needs. It has been found that water is employed for the irrigation of plants and livestock watering, which often is not accounted. Research also shows that slight (<0.2 m³/h) physical water loss (holes in the network) that occur in small settlements may compose up to 30% of all water supplied to the water network. Pagrindiniai vandens tiekimo sistemos efektyvumo rodikliai yra šie: vandens saugumas ir kokybė, nepertraukiamas darbas, tinkamas slėgis ir maži vandens nuostoliai. Absoliuti dauguma užsienio ir šalies vandens nuostolių mažinimo projektų buvo atlikta didmiesčių vandentiekiuose, tačiau mažų gyvenviečių specifika gerokai skiriasi nuo didžiųjų miestų. Skiriasi ne tik infrastruktūros lygis, techniniai rodikliai, bet ir vandens vartojimo ypatumai. Straipsnyje analizuojami vandens nuostolių susidarymas ir galimi mažinimo būdai mažose gyvenvietėse. Nustatyta, kad rajono centruose susidarantys vandens nuostoliai yra gerokai mažesni nei mažose gyvenvietėse. Didžioji dalis gyvenvietėse vartojamo vandens skirta augalams laistyti ir gyvuliams girdyti, o ne gyventojų buitiniams poreikiams tenkinti. Nustatyta, kad vanduo, naudojamas laistyti ir gyvuliams girdyti, dažnai nėra įtraukiamas į apskaitą. Nustatyta, kad mažų gyvenviečių vandentiekio tinkle susidarantys maži (<0,2 m³/h) fiziniai nuostoliai (pvz., dėl skylių tinkle), gali sudaryti daugiau nei 30 % viso į tinklą tiekiamo vandens kiekio.


1988 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Langton ◽  
P. S. Cranston ◽  
P. Armitage

AbstractChironomid midges have been known to include parthenogenetic species for over a century. One of these species, Paratanytarsus grimmii (Schneider), cited under several different names here shown to be junior synonyms, has attained some notoriety as a pest. Its occurrence as a supposedly paedogenetic (actually pharate adult parthenogenetic) inhabitant of water distribution systems is discussed and related to its more usual occurrence in a variety of small water bodies including aquaria. New synonymy is proposed and a lectotype designated.


2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Monteleone ◽  
H. Yeung ◽  
R. Smith

The Ancient Roman water supply systems still leave us astonished when admiring the solidity of the ruins of aqueducts surviving around Europe. Some parts of these systems are still in use at present and prove the practical efficiency of Roman hydraulics in the principles acquired from the populations living in the different regions of the Empire. In Pompeii the urban water supply system stands as a clear example of the Roman planning of urban complex networks by using small water towers to serve a limited numbers of users. This allowed to control the derivations and their maintenance and operated a disconnection from the high pressure mains and the low pressure pipes, maintaining a fixed maximum height of water over the final points of discharge. Considering the techniques for pressure reduction as a method to control leakages, this paper examines the ancient Roman water supply system to deduce some applications to modern urban networks built in new housing establishments.


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