scholarly journals WATER LOSS IN SMALL SETTLEMENTS / VANDENS NUOSTOLIAI MAŽOSE GYVENVIETĖSE

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Rimeika ◽  
Anželika Jurkienė
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
Continuous Work ◽  
Supply Systems

The main performance indicators of a water supply system include the quality and safety of water, continuous work, relevant pressure and small water loss. The majority of foreign and local projects on reducing water loss have been carried out in the water supply systems of metropolitans; however, the specificity of small settlements differs from that of big cities. Differences can be observed not only in the development of infrastructure and technical indicators but also in the features of water consumption. The article presents the analysis of water loss formation and describes reduction measures in a small settlement. The conducted research defines that water loss in big cities is much smaller than that in small settlements. The major part of water used in small settlements is applied for agrarian purposes rather than for domestic needs. It has been found that water is employed for the irrigation of plants and livestock watering, which often is not accounted. Research also shows that slight (<0.2 m³/h) physical water loss (holes in the network) that occur in small settlements may compose up to 30% of all water supplied to the water network. Pagrindiniai vandens tiekimo sistemos efektyvumo rodikliai yra šie: vandens saugumas ir kokybė, nepertraukiamas darbas, tinkamas slėgis ir maži vandens nuostoliai. Absoliuti dauguma užsienio ir šalies vandens nuostolių mažinimo projektų buvo atlikta didmiesčių vandentiekiuose, tačiau mažų gyvenviečių specifika gerokai skiriasi nuo didžiųjų miestų. Skiriasi ne tik infrastruktūros lygis, techniniai rodikliai, bet ir vandens vartojimo ypatumai. Straipsnyje analizuojami vandens nuostolių susidarymas ir galimi mažinimo būdai mažose gyvenvietėse. Nustatyta, kad rajono centruose susidarantys vandens nuostoliai yra gerokai mažesni nei mažose gyvenvietėse. Didžioji dalis gyvenvietėse vartojamo vandens skirta augalams laistyti ir gyvuliams girdyti, o ne gyventojų buitiniams poreikiams tenkinti. Nustatyta, kad vanduo, naudojamas laistyti ir gyvuliams girdyti, dažnai nėra įtraukiamas į apskaitą. Nustatyta, kad mažų gyvenviečių vandentiekio tinkle susidarantys maži (<0,2 m³/h) fiziniai nuostoliai (pvz., dėl skylių tinkle), gali sudaryti daugiau nei 30 % viso į tinklą tiekiamo vandens kiekio.

The parthenogenetic midge of water supply systems, Paratanytarsus grimmii (Schneider) (Diptera: Chironomidae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Langton ◽  
P. S. Cranston ◽  
P. Armitage
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Chironomid Midges ◽  
New Synonymy ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Pharate Adult

AbstractChironomid midges have been known to include parthenogenetic species for over a century. One of these species, Paratanytarsus grimmii (Schneider), cited under several different names here shown to be junior synonyms, has attained some notoriety as a pest. Its occurrence as a supposedly paedogenetic (actually pharate adult parthenogenetic) inhabitant of water distribution systems is discussed and related to its more usual occurrence in a variety of small water bodies including aquaria. New synonymy is proposed and a lectotype designated.

scholarly journals Average Operating Pressure Effect on Water Supply Systems Performances. A Case Study for 12 Romanian Small Water Distribution Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
E. Vitan ◽  
Anca Hotupan ◽  
Adriana Hadarean
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Small Water

Abstract The performance evaluation of an implemented water distribution network is in tight relation with the choice of adequate measures for water loss reduction. Hence, the consequences of placing the water network in a wrong performance category are bad and will conduct to unreasonably costs or considerable water loss volumes. Therefore, the evaluation of the water network performance level based on both Non-Revenue Water (NRW) and Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) indicators is to be recommended. This paper deals with the performance evaluation of water distribution systems based on the calculated performance indicators NRW and ILI. For this purpose, collected data for a period of one year from 12 Romanian small water distribution systems and two simplified average pressure determination methods were used.

scholarly journals Failure and water loss analysis in selected water supply systems

2014 ◽  
Vol XXXI (61 (4/14)) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Studziński ◽  
◽  
Katarzyna Pietrucha - Urbanik ◽  
Artur Mędlara
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Loss Analysis ◽  
Supply Systems

Performance indicators for small- and medium-sized water supply systems: a review

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husnain Haider ◽  
Rehan Sadiq ◽  
Solomon Tesfamariam
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Supply Systems

Water supply systems (WSSs) are one of the most important and expensive core public infrastructures. The primary objective of a water supply utility is to have this valuable asset operate at its maximum possible efficiency with minimum cost throughout its design period. To achieve this objective, the first step is to evaluate the existing efficiency of all the components of the WSS using suitable performance indicators (PIs). Various agencies and organizations worldwide have developed detailed performance evaluation frameworks including several indicators to comprehensively cover all the aspects (e.g., physical asset, staffing, operational, customer satisfaction, economical) of the WSSs. Most of these frameworks and indicators have been developed for large-sized WSSs. Small- and medium-sized water supply systems (SM-WSSs) have specific performance-related issues, ranging from difficulties in collecting the data required to use the available systems of PIs to lack of skilled personnel and financial resources for efficient operations. A comprehensive review of the literature has been carried out to assess the suitability of reported performance evaluation systems for SM-WSSs in terms of their simplicity (easy and simple data requirements) and comprehensiveness (i.e., all the components of a WSS). This review also evaluates the individual PI with respect to its understandability, measurability, and comparability (i.e., within and across utility comparisons). On the basis of this detailed review, a conceptual performance evaluation system for SM-WSSs, consisting of a list of PIs grouped into their respective categories, has been proposed. The proposed system provides a stepwise approach, starting the performance evaluation process with the most significant and easy to measure PIs for small-sized WSSs and moving to a relatively complex set of indicators for SM-WSS depending on the availability of resources and specific operating conditions.

A review of Ancient Roman water supply exploring techniques of pressure reduction

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Monteleone ◽  
H. Yeung ◽  
R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Pressure Reduction ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Urban Complex ◽  
Supply Systems

The Ancient Roman water supply systems still leave us astonished when admiring the solidity of the ruins of aqueducts surviving around Europe. Some parts of these systems are still in use at present and prove the practical efficiency of Roman hydraulics in the principles acquired from the populations living in the different regions of the Empire. In Pompeii the urban water supply system stands as a clear example of the Roman planning of urban complex networks by using small water towers to serve a limited numbers of users. This allowed to control the derivations and their maintenance and operated a disconnection from the high pressure mains and the low pressure pipes, maintaining a fixed maximum height of water over the final points of discharge. Considering the techniques for pressure reduction as a method to control leakages, this paper examines the ancient Roman water supply system to deduce some applications to modern urban networks built in new housing establishments.

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