Conflict, compensation, and plasticity: Sex-specific, individual-level trade-offs in green anole (Anolis carolinensis
) performance

We utilize graphical representations of Dictator Games which generate rich individual-level data. Our baseline experiment employs budget sets over feasible payoff-pairs. We test these data for consistency with utility maximization, and we recover the underlying preferences for giving (trade-offs between own payoffs and the payoffs of others). Two further experiments augment the analysis. An extensive elaboration employs three-person budget sets to distinguish preferences for giving from social preferences (trade-offs between the payoffs of others). And an intensive elaboration employs step-shaped sets to distinguish between behaviors that are compatible with well-behaved preferences and those compatible only with not well-behaved cases. (JEL C72, D64)

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Major Evolutionary Transitions in Social Insects, the Importance of Worker Sterility and Life History Trade-Offs

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.3389/fevo.2021.732907 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Abel Bernadou ◽

Boris H. Kramer ◽

Judith Korb

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Social Insects ◽

Division Of Labour ◽

Evolutionary Transitions ◽

Individual Level ◽

Individual Fitness ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Group Members ◽

The Individual ◽

Worker Sterility

The evolution of eusociality in social insects, such as termites, ants, and some bees and wasps, has been regarded as a major evolutionary transition (MET). Yet, there is some debate whether all species qualify. Here, we argue that worker sterility is a decisive criterion to determine whether species have passed a MET (= superorganisms), or not. When workers are sterile, reproductive interests align among group members as individual fitness is transferred to the colony level. Division of labour among cooperating units is a major driver that favours the evolution of METs across all biological scales. Many METs are characterised by a differentiation into reproductive versus maintenance functions. In social insects, the queen specialises on reproduction while workers take over maintenance functions such as food provisioning. Such division of labour allows specialisation and it reshapes life history trade-offs among cooperating units. For instance, individuals within colonies of social insects can overcome the omnipresent fecundity/longevity trade-off, which limits reproductive success in organisms, when increased fecundity shortens lifespan. Social insect queens (particularly in superorganismal species) can reach adult lifespans of several decades and are among the most fecund terrestrial animals. The resulting enormous reproductive output may contribute to explain why some genera of social insects became so successful. Indeed, superorganismal ant lineages have more species than those that have not passed a MET. We conclude that the release from life history constraints at the individual level is a important, yet understudied, factor across METs to explain their evolutionary success.

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Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis) Eggs Associated with Nest Chambers of the Trap-Jaw Ant Odontomachus brunneus

Southeastern Naturalist ◽

10.1656/058.020.0409 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Christina L. Kwapich

Keyword(s):

Anolis Carolinensis ◽

Green Anole ◽

Odontomachus Brunneus

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Seasonal Temperature Fluctuations Differently Affect the Immune and Biochemical Parameters of Diploid and Triploid Oncorhynchus mykiss Cage-Cultured in Temperate Latitudes

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12218785 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (21) ◽

pp. 8785 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andreia C. M. Rodrigues ◽

Carlos Gravato ◽

Carlos J. M. Silva ◽

Sílvia F. S. Pires ◽

Ana P. L. Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽

Energy Production ◽

Antioxidant Defenses ◽

Seasonal Temperature ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Blood Leukocytes ◽

Individual Level ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

The Individual

In the coming decades, and despite advances in the selection of resistant strains and the production of triploid organisms, the temperature could seriously affect salmonid aquaculture. Lower environmental tolerance has been hinted at for triploids, but the physiological mechanisms leading to such differences, and whether they are translated to the individual level, are poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of seasonal variations on the humoral and immune status in the blood (peripheral blood leukocytes) and plasma (antiprotease, lysozyme and peroxidase activities), the oxidative stress (catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, total glutathione and lipid peroxidation) balance in the liver, and the energy budget (sugars, lipids, proteins and energy production) in the liver and muscle of diploid and triploid Oncorhynchus mykiss. Leukocytes’ numbers changed with the water temperature and differed between fish ploidies. Peroxidase activity was increased in the summer, but lysozyme and antiprotease activities were increased in the winter. Concomitantly, antioxidant defenses were significantly altered seasonally, increasing oxidative damage at higher temperatures. Moreover, warmer waters induced a reduction in the energy production measured in the liver. Differences in feed efficiency, which have been previously reported, were confirmed by the low lipid and protein contents of the muscle of the triploids. In sum, the inherent trade-offs to deal with the seasonal changes culminated in the higher growth observed for diploid fish.

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The transformative service paradox: the dilemma of wellbeing trade-offs

Journal of Service Management ◽

10.1108/josm-10-2019-0324 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 637-663

Author(s):

Rebekah Russell–Bennett ◽

Rory Mulcahy ◽

Kate Letheren ◽

Ryan McAndrew ◽

Uwe Dulleck

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Experiment ◽

Qualitative Interviews ◽

Implicit Assumption ◽

Trade Off ◽

Content Type ◽

Individual Level ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Physical Wellbeing ◽

The Individual ◽

Future Implication

PurposeA transformative service aims to improve wellbeing; however, current approaches have an implicit assumption that all wellbeing dimensions are equal and more dimensions led to higher wellbeing. The purpose of this paper is to present evidence for a new framework that identifies the paradox of competing wellbeing dimensions for both the individual and others in society – the transformative service paradox (TSP).Design/methodology/approachData is drawn from a mixed-method approach using qualitative (interviews) and quantitative data (lab experiment) in an electricity service context. The first study involves 45 household interviews (n = 118) and deals with the nature of trade-offs at the individual level to establish the concept of the TSP. The second study uses a behavioral economics laboratory experiment (n = 110) to test the self vs. other nature of the trade-off in day-to-day use of electricity.FindingsThe interviews and experiment identified that temporal (now vs. future) and beneficiary-level factors explain why individuals make wellbeing trade-offs for the transformative service of electricity. The laboratory experiment showed that when the future implication of the trade-off is made salient, consumers are more willing to forego physical wellbeing for environmental wellbeing, whereas when the “now” implication is more salient consumers forego financial wellbeing for physical wellbeing.Originality/valueThis research introduces the term “Transformative Service Paradox” and identifies two factors that explain why consumers make wellbeing trade-offs at the individual level and at the societal level; temporal (now vs. future) and wellbeing beneficiary.

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