Genetic diversity of rotavirus strains circulating in Norway before and after the introduction of rotavirus vaccination in children

Rotavirus is responsible for 26% of diarrheal deaths in Latin America and the Caribbean. Haiti introduced the monovalent rotavirus vaccine in April 2014. The objective of this analysis is to describe the impact of the rotavirus vaccine on hospitalizations among Haitian children younger than 5 years old during the first 5 years after introduction. This analysis includes all children with diarrhea who were enrolled as part of a sentinel surveillance system at two hospitals from May 2013 to April 2019. We compare the proportion of rotavirus-positive specimens in each post-vaccine introduction year to the pre-vaccine period. To account for the potential dilution of the proportion of rotavirus-positive specimens from a waning cholera outbreak, we also analyzed annual trends in the absolute number of positive stools, fit a two-component finite-mixture model to the negative specimens, and fit a negative binomial time series model to the pre-vaccine rotavirus-positive specimens to predict the number of rotavirus diarrhea hospital admissions in the absence of rotavirus vaccination. The overall percentage of rotavirus-positive specimens declined by 22% the first year after introduction, increased by 17% the second year, and declined by 33% to 50% the subsequent 3 years. All sensitivity analyses confirmed an overall decline. We observed a clear annual rotavirus seasonality before and after vaccine introduction, with the greatest activity in December through April, and a biennial pattern, with high sharp peaks and flatter longer periods of increased rotavirus activity in alternating years, consistent with suboptimal vaccination coverage. Overall, our study shows evidence that the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine reduced the burden of severe rotavirus diarrhea.

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Intussusception before and after anti-rotavirus vaccination introduction (2009-2013) in Italy

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckv176.206 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

V Restivo ◽

C Costantino ◽

F Tramuto ◽

F Vitale

Keyword(s):

Rotavirus Vaccination ◽

Before And After

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Global Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination on Diarrhea Hospitalizations and Deaths Among Children <5 Years Old: 2006–2019

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiaa081 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 222 (10) ◽

pp. 1731-1739 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Eleanor Burnett ◽

Umesh D Parashar ◽

Jacqueline E Tate

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Published Data ◽

Rotavirus Vaccine ◽

Immunization Programs ◽

Median Percentage ◽

Global Impact ◽

Vaccine Introduction ◽

Rotavirus Vaccination ◽

Younger Age ◽

Before And After

Abstract Background Since 2006, more than 100 countries have introduced rotavirus vaccine into their immunization programs. We reviewed published data on relative reductions of rotavirus hospitalizations, acute gastroenteritis (AGE) hospitalizations, and AGE deaths among children <5 years old. Methods Articles published from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2019 with at least 12 months of data before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction were included. Relative reductions were abstracted into a standardized form. Descriptive statistics are presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs). Results We reviewed 1827 total records and included 105 articles from 49 countries. Among children <5 years old, there was a median reduction of 59% (IQR, 46–74) in rotavirus hospitalizations, 36% (IQR, 23–47) in AGE hospitalizations, and 36% (IQR, 28–46) AGE mortality. Reductions were larger in countries with low child mortality, among younger age groups, and in countries with higher coverage. The median percentage of specimens that tested positive for rotavirus among children <5 years old hospitalized for diarrhea was 40% (IQR, 28–45) before rotavirus vaccine introduction and 20% (IQR, 20–20) 4 years after introduction. Conclusions Overall, we found sustained impact on rotavirus and AGE hospitalizations and deaths. These results should encourage countries still considering rotavirus vaccine implementation.

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Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of parents and healthcare providers before and after implementation of a universal rotavirus vaccination program

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.089 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 687-695 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Donna M. MacDougall ◽

Beth A. Halperin ◽

Joanne M. Langley ◽

Donna MacKinnon-Cameron ◽

Li Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Providers ◽

Vaccination Program ◽

Rotavirus Vaccination ◽

Before And After ◽

And Behaviors

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Diarrheal Diseases Hospitalization in Yemen before and after Rotavirus Vaccination

Scientifica ◽

10.1155/2016/8485417 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammed Amood AL-Kamarany ◽

Lina Al-Areqi ◽

Abulatif Mujally ◽

Fawzya Alkarshy ◽

Arwa Nasser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Rotavirus Vaccine ◽

Diarrheal Diseases ◽

Predominant Genotype ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Vaccine Introduction ◽

Rotavirus Vaccination ◽

Before And After ◽

Rotavirus Diarrhea ◽

The Impact

The study aims to assess the impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on diarrheal diseases hospitalization and to identify the rotavirus genotypes most prevalent before and after vaccine introduction among children ≤ 5 years of age. Rotarix™® rotavirus vaccine is currently licensed for infants in Yemen and was introduced in 2012. The vaccination course consists of two doses. The first dose is administrated at 6 weeks of age and the second dose is completed by 10 weeks. Based on a longitudinal observational study, we assessed the impact of vaccination on rotavirus hospitalization before and after vaccination among children ≤ 5 years of age at the Yemeni-Swedish Hospital (YSH) in Taiz, Yemen. Prevaccination covered January 2009–July 2012 during which 2335 fecal samples were collected from children ≤ 5 years old. Postvaccination covered January 2013–December 2014 during which 1114 fecal samples were collected. Rotavirus was detected by Enzyme Linkage Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The incidence ofrotavirushospitalization decreased from 43.79% in 2009 to 10.54% in 2014. Hospitalization due to rotavirus diarrhea was reduced by 75.93%. Vaccine coverage increased from 23% in 2012 to 72% in 2014. Also, the results showed that the most predominant genotypes in prevaccination period were G2P[4] (55.0%), followed by G1P[8] (15.0%), while in postvaccination period G1P[8] (31%) was the predominant genotype, followed by G9P[8] (27.5%). In conclusion, rotavirus vaccination in Yemen resulted in sharp reduction in diarrheal hospitalization. A successful rotavirus vaccination program in Yemen will rely upon efficient vaccine delivery systems and sustained vaccine efficacy against diverse and evolving rotavirus strains.

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Plasmodium falciparum Genetic Diversity in Continental Equatorial Guinea before and after Introduction of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.02556-15 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mónica Guerra ◽

Rita Neres ◽

Patrícia Salgueiro ◽

Cristina Mendes ◽

Nicolas Ndong-Mabale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Combination Therapy ◽

Microsatellite Loci ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Artemisinin Resistance ◽

Equatorial Guinea ◽

Content Type ◽

Before And After

ABSTRACT Efforts to control malaria may affect malaria parasite genetic variability and drug resistance, the latter of which is associated with genetic events that promote mechanisms to escape drug action. The worldwide spread of drug resistance has been a major obstacle to controlling Plasmodium falciparum malaria, and thus the study of the origin and spread of associated mutations may provide some insights into the prevention of its emergence. This study reports an analysis of P. falciparum genetic diversity, focusing on antimalarial resistance-associated molecular markers in two socioeconomically different villages in mainland Equatorial Guinea. The present study took place 8 years after a previous one, allowing the analysis of results before and after the introduction of an artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), i.e., artesunate plus amodiaquine. Genetic diversity was assessed by analysis of the Pfmsp2 gene and neutral microsatellite loci. Pfdhps and Pfdhfr alleles associated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance and flanking microsatellite loci were investigated, and the prevalences of drug resistance-associated point mutations of the Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, Pfdhfr, and Pfdhps genes were estimated. Further, to monitor the use of ACT, we provide the baseline prevalences of K13 propeller mutations and Pfmdr1 copy numbers. After 8 years, noticeable differences occurred in the distribution of genotypes conferring resistance to chloroquine and SP, and the spread of mutated genotypes differed according to the setting. Regarding artemisinin resistance, although mutations reported as being linked to artemisinin resistance were not present at the time, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were observed in the K13 gene, suggesting that closer monitoring should be maintained to prevent the possible spread of artemisinin resistance in Africa.

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Plant Community Effects and Genetic Diversity of Post-fire Princess Tree (Paulownia tomentosa) Invasions

Invasive Plant Science and Management ◽

10.1017/inp.2017.14 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 125-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joseph B. Lovenshimer ◽

Michael D. Madritch

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Plant Community ◽

Large Scale ◽

Tree Age ◽

Native Plant ◽

Tree Invasions ◽

Community Shift ◽

Low Genetic Diversity ◽

Before And After ◽

Invasive Tree

Many naturalized populations of the invasive tree princess tree exist in North America, yet little research has quantified its effect on native plant communities. A series of recent wildfires in the Linville Gorge Wilderness Area (LGWA) promoted multiple large-scale princess tree invasions in this ecologically important area. To measure community shifts caused by these princess tree invasions across burn areas, we sampled vegetation in paired invaded and noninvaded plots in mature and immature invasions within two burn areas of the LGWA. Plant community composition shifted in response to princess tree invasion across all invasion stages and burn areas. Species richness and Shannon diversity values decreased in invaded plots. Overall community structure also differed in invaded plots within immature invasions (P=0.004). The distribution of princess tree age classes in both burn areas indicates that fire promotes invasion but is not necessary for subsequent recruitment. Additionally, preliminary genetic analyses among distinct princess tree populations revealed very low genetic diversity, suggesting that a single introduction may have occurred in the LGWA. This information regarding community shift and strong post-fire recruitment by princess tree may inform management decisions by prioritizing princess tree control immediately after wildfires and immediately before and after prescribed burns.

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Rotavirus Strain Distribution before and after Introducing Rotavirus Vaccine in India

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10040416 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 416

Author(s):

Tintu Varghese ◽

Shainey Alokit Khakha ◽

Sidhartha Giri ◽

Nayana P. Nair ◽

Manohar Badur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rotavirus Vaccine ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Rotavirus Vaccination ◽

National Immunization ◽

Before And After ◽

Group A ◽

Vaccine Impact ◽

Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay ◽

Epidemiological Effects ◽

Vaccination Period

In April 2016, an indigenous monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotavac) was introduced to the National Immunization Program in India. Hospital-based surveillance for acute gastroenteritis was conducted in five sentinel sites from 2012 to 2020 to monitor the vaccine impact on various genotypes and the reduction in rotavirus positivity at each site. Stool samples collected from children under 5 years of age hospitalized with diarrhea were tested for group A rotavirus using a commercial enzyme immunoassay, and rotavirus strains were characterized by RT-PCR. The proportion of diarrhea hospitalizations attributable to rotavirus at the five sites declined from a range of 56–29.4% in pre-vaccine years to 34–12% in post-vaccine years. G1P[8] was the predominant strain in the pre-vaccination period, and G3P[8] was the most common in the post-vaccination period. Circulating patterns varied throughout the study period, and increased proportions of mixed genotypes were detected in the post-vaccination phase. Continuous long-term surveillance is essential to understand the diversity and immuno-epidemiological effects of rotavirus vaccination.

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Shifts in P. falciparum genetic structure and gametocyte markers in the transition to elimination

10.21203/rs.3.rs-92978/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Himanshu Gupta ◽

Beatriz Galatas ◽

Arlindo Chidimatembue ◽

Wilson Simone ◽

Gloria Matambisso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Genetic Structure ◽

Large Scale ◽

Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽

Mature Gametocyte ◽

Before And After ◽

Sexual Stages ◽

The Impact ◽

Pcr Targeting

Abstract Large-scale programs targeting Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) elimination can exert strong selection pressures on the parasite population. To better understand the impact that elimination initiatives can have on Pf genetic structure and gametocyte carriage, we applied amplicon-based sequencing of two polymorphic Pf genes and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR targeting gametocyte-specific genes to Pf isolates collected in Magude District (Southern Mozambique) before and after an elimination initiative. The 71% reduction of Pf prevalence achieved in 2 years was followed by reductions in Pf genetic diversity and increases in between-infection similarity. These genetic shifts were accompanied by increases in the relative transcript number of the female mature gametocyte marker pfs25, the pfap2g transcription factor that drives gametocytogenesis and the sexual ring marker pfgexp02, suggesting the parasite ability of adapting its sexual investment during elimination initiatives. Reactive interventions that target Pf sexual stages may be required to achieve complete interruption of transmission.

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