Changes of amino acid and monoamine levels after neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine denervation in rat basal ganglia, substantia nigra, and raphe nuclei

1993 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Molina-Holgado ◽  
K. M. Dewar ◽  
L Grondin ◽  
N. M. van Gelder ◽  
T. A. Reader
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Raphe Nuclei ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine ◽  
Raphé Nuclei

scholarly journals Abnormal Echogenicity of the Substantia Nigra, Raphe Nuclei, and Third-Ventricle Width as Markers of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinsonian Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela E. P. Bouwmans ◽  
Albert F. G. Leentjens ◽  
Werner H. Mess ◽  
Wim E. J. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Raphe Nuclei ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Raphé Nuclei ◽  
Cognitive Problems

Background. Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have a high risk of cognitive problems.Objective. This study assesses whether abnormal echogenicity of the substantia nigra (SN) and raphe nuclei (RN) and the diameter of third ventricle are markers of cognitive impairment in patients with PD and other forms of parkinsonism.Methods. 126 outpatients with early signs of parkinsonism underwent transcranial sonography (TCS). The scales for the outcome of Parkinson’s disease cognition (SCOPA-COG) were used as cognitive measure. Definite neurological diagnosis was established after two-year follow-up.Results. One-third of the patients with PD and half of those with APS had signs of cognitive impairment. The echogenicity of the SN was not related to cognitive impairment. The diameter of the third ventricle was significantly larger in PD patients with cognitive impairment compared to those without. In patients with APS we found a significantly higher frequency of hypoechogenic RN in patients with cognitive problems.Conclusions. Cognitive impairment is already present in a substantial proportion of patients with PD and APS at first referral. In patients with APS the frequency of hypoechogenic RN points to the direction of other pathophysiology with more emphasis on deficits in the serotonergic neurotransmitter system. The larger diameter of the third ventricle in PD patients with cognitive impairment may reflect Alzheimer like brain atrophy, as has been reported in earlier studies.

scholarly journals Transcranial sonography findings related to depression in parkinsonian disorders: cross-sectional study in 126 patients

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela E.P. Bouwmans ◽  
Wim E.J. Weber ◽  
Albert F.G. Leentjens ◽  
Werner H. Mess
Keyword(s):  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Transcranial Sonography ◽  
Raphe Nuclei ◽  
Hamilton Depression Scale ◽  
The Third ◽  
Parkinsonian Syndromes ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Raphé Nuclei

Background.Transcranial sonography (TCS) has emerged as a potential diagnostic tool for Parkinson’s disease. Recent research has suggested that abnormal echogenicity of substantia nigra, raphe nuclei and third ventricle is associated with increased risk of depression among these patients. We sought to reproduce these findings in an ongoing larger study of patients with parkinsonian syndromes.Methods.A total of 126 patients with parkinsonian symptoms underwent the Hamilton Depression Scale, and TCS of the substantia nigra (SN) (n= 126), the raphe nuclei (RN) (n= 80) and the third ventricle (n= 57). We then calculated the correlation between depression and hyper-echogenic SN, hypo-echogenic RN and a wider third ventricle.Results.In patients with PD we found no significant difference of the SN between non-depressed and depressed patients (46% vs. 22%;p= 0.18). Non-depressed patients with other parkinsonisms more often had hyperechogenicity of the SN than depressed patients (51% vs. 0%;p= 0.01). We found no relation between depression and the echogenicity of the RN or the width of the third ventricle.Conclusions.In patients with parkinsonian syndromes, we found no association between depression and hyper-echogenic SN, hypo-echogenic RN or a wider third ventricle, as determined by transcranial sonography.

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