Redox‐Initiated Reversible Addition‐Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Miniemulsion Polymerization of Styrene using PPEGMA‐Based Macro‐RAFT Agent

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (20) ◽  
pp. 2000399
Author(s):  
Mirim Park ◽  
Kyungho Kim ◽  
Aruna Kumar Mohanty ◽  
Hong Y. Cho ◽  
Hana Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Miniemulsion Polymerization ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
Raft Agent

Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization in Miniemulsion Based on In Situ Surfactant Generation

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Simon Ting ◽  
Eun Hee Min ◽  
Per B. Zetterlund
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Miniemulsion Polymerization ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
Raft Agent ◽  
Surface Active

Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene has been implemented in aqueous miniemulsion based on the in situ surfactant generation approach using oleic acid and potassium hydroxide in the absence of high energy mixing. The best results were obtained using the RAFT agent 3-benzylsulfanyl thiocarbonyl sufanylpropionic acid (BSPAC), most likely as a result of the presence of a carboxylic acid functionality in the RAFT agent that renders it surface active and thus imparts increased colloidal stability. Stable final miniemulsions were obtained with no coagulum with particle diameters less than 200 nm. The results demonstrate that the RAFT miniemulsion polymerization of styrene employing the low energy in situ surfactant method is challenging, but that a system that proceeds predominantly by a miniemulsion mechanism can be achieved under carefully selected conditions.

Synthesis and characterization of a naphthalimide–dye end-labeled copolymer by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binxin Li ◽  
Daniel Majonis ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Mitchell A. Winnik
Keyword(s):  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Polymer Composition ◽  
Cooh Group ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
Raft Agent ◽  
End Use ◽  
Naphthalimide Dye

We describe the synthesis of an end-functionalized copolymer of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) and N-hydroxysuccinimide methacrylate (NMS) by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. To control the polymer composition, the faster reacting monomer (NMS) was added slowly to the reaction mixture beginning 30 min after initating the polymerization (ca. 16% HPMA conversion). One RAFT agent, based on azocyanopentanoic acid, introduced a –COOH group to the chain at one end. Use of a different RAFT agent containing a 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide dye introduced a UV–vis absorbing and fluorescent group at this chain end. The polymers obtained had molecular weights of 30 000 and 20 000, respectively, and contained about 30 mol% NMS active ester groups.

Toughening of an epoxy thermoset with poly[styrene-alt-(maleic acid)]-block-polystyrene-block-poly(n-butyl acrylate) reactive core–shell particles

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (42) ◽  
pp. 35621-35627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ren He ◽  
Xiaoli Zhan ◽  
Qinghua Zhang ◽  
Fengqiu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Maleic Acid ◽  
Butyl Acrylate ◽  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
Raft Agent ◽  
Shell Particles

Reactive core–shell particles for epoxy toughening were synthesized via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer emulsion polymerization mediated by an amphiphilic macro-RAFT agent followed by core-crosslinking to increase stability.

scholarly journals Dextran-covered pH-sensitive oily core nanocapsules produced by interfacial Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain transfer miniemulsion polymerization

2020 ◽  
Vol 569 ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Marcela Forero Ramirez ◽  
Ariane Boudier ◽  
Caroline Gaucher ◽  
Jérôme Babin ◽  
Alain Durand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Miniemulsion Polymerization ◽  
Ph Sensitive ◽  
Reversible Addition

scholarly journals Synthesis and characterization of triphenylamine and Bbis(indolyl)methane center-functionalized polymer via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization

e-Polymers ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Xu ◽  
Wei Shang ◽  
Jian Zhu ◽  
Zhenping Cheng ◽  
Nianchen Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Chloroform Solution ◽  
Monomer Conversion ◽  
Benzyl Ester ◽  
Chain Extension ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
Raft Agent ◽  
Cyclic Voltammetry Method

AbstractA novel bis-functional reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent bearing triphenylamine (TPA) and bis(indolyl)methane (BIM) groups, {4-[bis(1-carbodithioic acid benzyl ester-indol-3-yl)methyl]phenyl}diphenylamine (BCIMPDPA), was synthesized and successfully used as the RAFT agent to mediate the polymerization of styrene (St). The polymerization results showed that reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of St could be well controlled. The kinetic plot showed it was of first order and the numberaverage molecular weight (Mn(GPC)) of the polymer measured by GPC increased linearly with monomer conversion, simultaneously, the molecular weight distribution of the polymer was also relatively narrow. In addition, the existence of the TPA and BIM groups in the middle of polymer chain was confirmed by chain extension reaction and 1H NMR spectrum. The optical properties of the functionalized polystyrene (PS) in chloroform solution were also investigated. Furthermore, the redox process of the RAFT agent and the functionalized PS were studied by cyclic voltammetry method.

RAFT Polymerization of Monomers with Highly Disparate Reactivities: Use of a Single RAFT Agent and the Synthesis of Poly(styrene-block-vinyl acetate)

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily A. Dayter ◽  
Kate A. Murphy ◽  
Devon A. Shipp
Keyword(s):  
Block Copolymers ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Styrene Polymerization ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
Raft Agent ◽  
End Group

A single reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent, malonate N,N-diphenyldithiocarbamate (MDP-DTC) is shown to successfully mediate the polymerization of several monomers with greatly differing reactivities in radical/RAFT polymerizations, including both vinyl acetate and styrene. The chain transfer constants (Ctr) for MDP-DTC for both these monomers were evaluated; these were found to be ~2.7 in styrene and ~26 in vinyl acetate, indicating moderate control over styrene polymerization and good control of vinyl acetate polymerization. In particular, the MDP-DTC RAFT agent allowed for the synthesis of block copolymers of these two monomers without the need for protonation/deprotonation switching, as has been previously developed with N-(4-pyridinyl)-N-methyldithiocarbamate RAFT agents, or other end-group transformations. The thermal properties of the block copolymers were studied using differential scanning calorimetry, and those with sufficiently high molecular weight and styrene composition appear to undergo phase separation. Thus, MDP-DTC may be useful for the production of other block copolymers consisting of monomers with highly dissimilar reactivities.

Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene in fluid CO2

e-Polymers ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiko Arita ◽  
Sabine Beuermann ◽  
Michael Buback ◽  
Philipp Vana
Keyword(s):  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Raft Agent ◽  
Successful Control ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Peak Widths

Abstract Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations of styrene in fluid CO2 have been carried out at 80°C and 300 bar using cumyl dithiobenzoate as the controlling agent in the concentration range of 3.5·10-3 to 2.1·10-2 mol/L. This is the first report on RAFT polymerization in fluid CO2. The polymerization rates were retarded depending on the employed RAFT agent concentration with no significant difference between the RAFT polymerization performed in fluid CO2 and in toluene. Full chain length distributions were analyzed with respect to peak molecular weights, indicating the successful control of radical polymerization in fluid CO2. A characterization of the peak widths may suggest a minor influence of fluid CO2 on the addition reaction of macroradicals on the dithiobenzoate group.

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