Effect of neonatal injection of normal horse serum on the elimination of horse antitoxin from the bloodstream of adult rabbits

1963 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Gowland ◽  
C. L. Oakley
Keyword(s):  
Horse Serum ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Neonatal Injection

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE PHOTOCHEMICAL DESPECIATION OF HORSE SERUM

1942 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Phosphotungstic Acid ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Antigenic Specificity ◽  
Residual Content ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Normal Horse Serum

1. Normal horse serum was irradiated for periods of 3 to 4 days, with visible light or with ultraviolet light of known intensity and wave length. The photosensitizer hematoporphyrin was employed in some instances. The serum was exposed to the air in thin layers, and thoroughly agitated throughout irradiation. 2. The irradiated sera were unchanged in color, and over 90 per cent of the original protein content remained precipitable by phosphotungstic acid. 3. Studies of the antigenicity of the sera were carried out on guinea pigs and rabbits. Fresh antigenicities of deviated specificity and of an activity of the order of 1/50th, 1/1,000th, and less than 1/20,000th that of normal horse serum were obtained. The residual content of material having the same antigenic specificity as normal horse serum was estimated as approximately equivalent in activity to dilutions of normal horse serum of 1 cc., 1/10 cc., and less than 1/100 cc. per litre respectively.

scholarly journals OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRESENCE OF A TOXIC SUBSTANCE IN THE BLOOD AND URINE OF PATIENTS WITH SCARLET FEVER

1924 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Trask ◽  
Francis G. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Local Infection ◽  
Hemolytic Streptococcus ◽  
Normal Horse Serum

A series of observations on the blood of patients acutely ill with scarlet fever has shown that a toxic substance can be demonstrated in the serum by means of intracutaneous injections of the serum in persons who have not had scarlet fever and whose serums fail to blanch the rash in scarlet fever. The reaction caused by this substance consists of a bright red local erythema, varying from 20 to 70 mm. in diameter, of 1 to 4 days duration. The severer reactions are moderately indurated and tender, and are followed bypigmentation and desquamation. Control injections in persons whose serums blanch the rash in scarlet fever cause no reaction. The toxic substance is not neutralized by mixture with a human serum which gives a negative blanching test but is readily neutralized by a human serum which gives a positive blanching test. It is not neutralized by normal horse serum, but is completely neutralized by Dochez's scarlatinal antistreptococcic serum. In a limited number of observations on the urine of patients with scarlet fever a similar toxic substance has been found in two out of five cases studied. Since the toxic substance described appears to resemble the toxic substance found in the filtrates of scarlatinal hemolytic streptococcus cultures by Dick and Dick and since it is neutralized not only by a blanching human serum but also by Dochez's scarlatinal antistreptococcic horse serum, the experiments reported support the conception that scarlet fever is a local infection of the throat by a particular type of Streptococcus hæmolyticus capable of producing a toxin which is absorbed and is the cause of the general manifestations of the disease.

scholarly journals CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS

1937 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walther F. Goebel ◽  
Rollin D. Hotchkiss
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Type I ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
High Dilutions ◽  
Serum Type

1. Azoprotein antigens containing glucuronic and galacturonic acids give rise in rabbits to specific antibodies. The immune sera show no serological crossing with antigens containing glucose or galactose. 2. The galacturonic acid antigen reacts in antipneumococcus horse serum Type I in high dilutions. 3. Azoprotein antigens containing galacturonic acid, benzene sulfonic and carboxylic acids precipitate in antipneumococcus horse sera of various types but not in normal horse serum. The mechanism underlying these cross reactions is discussed.

scholarly journals THE TREATMENT OP GAS GANGRENE WITH NORMAL HORSE SERUM

1930 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID H. KLING
Keyword(s):  
Horse Serum ◽  
Gas Gangrene ◽  
Normal Horse Serum

scholarly journals GOOD RESULTS FROM USE OF NORMAL HORSE SERUM IN A CASE OF HEMORRHAGE FROM A RUPTURED ESOPHAGEAL VEIN

1914 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
EDWIN COBB
Keyword(s):  
Horse Serum ◽  
Normal Horse Serum

Selection and in vitro properties of inhibitor-nonsensitive influenza A (H3N2) strains

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-498
Author(s):  
J. Lecomte ◽  
A. Boudreault ◽  
V. Pavilanis
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Parental Line ◽  
Shell System ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Selection Of

Selection of stable variants, nonsensitive to horse serum inhibitors, was achieved by growing influenza A (H3N2) strains, originally sensitive, in the allantois-on-shell system with incorporated normal horse serum. Most of these variants, when compared to their respective parental line, showed a greater eluting activity not related to a greater enzymatic activity. Investigation of the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes from different animal species and the thermostability of the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase did not reveal a complete correlation between these markers and resistance to horse serum inhibitors. When applied to known attenuated strains, also nonsensitive, these same markers could not be linked directly to the attenuation of these viruses for man.

scholarly journals THE PASSAGE OF MENINGOCOCCIC AGGLUTININS FROM THE BLOOD TO THE SPINAL FLUID OF THE MONKEY

1919 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 597-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Amoss ◽  
Frederick Eberson
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Spinal Canal ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Agglutination Reaction ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Intraspinal Injection

Agglutinins for the meningococcus were not found in the spinal fluid of normal monkeys which had received antimeningococcic serum intravenously. The intraspinal injection of isotonic salt solution, normal horse serum, or a culture of living meningococci allows agglutinins for the meningococcus to pass from the blood to the spinal fluid of the passively immunized monkey; and the rate of the passage is affected by the severity of the inflammation induced in the meninges. The rates of elimination from the blood and spinal canal of meningococcic antibodies, as shown by the agglutination reaction, were compared in monkeys treated with immune serum (a) intraspinally, (b) intravenously, and (c) intraspinally and intravenously in combination. (a) When immune serum is given intraspinally the agglutinins are very much diminished after 8 hours and practically disappear at 12 hours. They appear in the blood at the 4th hour after injection and quickly diminish. (b) After intravenous injection of immune serum, when the meninges are inflamed, agglutinins appear in the spinal fluid in small amounts in about 12 hours and increase to the 25th hour. More than one-half of the agglutinins disappear from the blood within 8 hours and remain in low concentration at 25 hours. (c) After combined intraspinal and intravenous injection the agglutinins remain in higher concentration in the spinal fluid and for a longer time than by method (a) or (b). The curve descends after 12 hours, and agglutinins are present at 25 hours. They remain in maximum concentration in the blood for 25 hours.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF PNEUMOCOCCI REACTING WITH ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA OF TYPES I, II, AND III, WITH AN OBSERVATION OF A MUTATION OF ONE OF THE STRAINS

1919 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mildred C. Clough
Keyword(s):  
Ascitic Fluid ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Normal Horse Serum

In this paper are reported the results of a study of nine strains of pneumococci agglutinating with antipneumococcus sera of all three types (Nos. I, II, and III). Seven of the strains were the cause of serious or fatal infections in human beings. Morphologically they were typical pneumococci with characteristic growth on ordinary media. Most of the strains were soluble in bile, fermented inulin, and caused no precipitation on glucose ascitic fluid agar. Two of the strains, however, resembled streptococci in these three cultural characteristics, but have been regarded as pneumococci on account of their serological reactions. Variations in the cultural reactions occurred with several strains while they were under observation. The virulence of the strains varied greatly, some strains being almost non-pathogenic, and others killing mice in doses of 0.000001 cc. of a 24 hour broth culture. Antipneumococcus Sera I, II, and III agglutinated all the strains in fairly high dilution (1:8 to 1:64 or higher), while normal horse serum caused no agglutination. Antipneumococcus Sera I, II, and III stimulated active phagocytosis of all the strains, while no phagocytosis occurred in control preparations with normal horse serum. These strains elaborated a soluble substance in the body of inoculated mice which caused the formation of a precipitate when the peritoneal washings, cleared by centrifugalization, were added to the antipneumococcus sera of all three types. Antipneumococcus Sera I, II, and III protected mice equally well against 1,000 to 10,000 times the minimal lethal dose of the two strains with which protection tests could be carried out. Absorption of serum of Types I and II with the homologous pneumococcus removed the agglutinins and the bacteriotropins for all these strains. Absorption of these sera with Strains T and N removed the agglutinins and the bacteriotropins for the homologous strain only, and not for typical members of Type I or II, or for the other atypically agglutinable strains reported in this paper. The agglutinins concerned in the agglutination of these peculiar strains are therefore minor agglutinins. As shown not only by agglutination tests, but also by protection tests and agglutinin absorption tests, these organisms bear the same relation to Types I, II, and III, as do atypical Type II strains to Type II. Immune sera were prepared with these strains, and each strain was tested with all the immune sera by means of phagocytic and agglutinative reactions. In general, the strains were found to be serologically distinct, though some interrelationships existed between Strains V and R, and between Strains H, F, and N. These sera had no activity towards strains belonging to Type I or II, or atypical Type II. A mutation occurred in one of the strains, B, while it was under observation. On isolation this strain had the cultural reactions of a typical pneumococcus, and had the phagocytic and agglutinative reactions of an atypical Type II. After 6 months cultivation on blood agar its serological reactions changed, and it became actively phagocyted and agglutinated in antipneumococcus sera of Types I, II, and III. Its cultural characteristics also changed, and it became bile-insoluble, did not ferment inulin, and caused precipitation in glucose ascitic fluid agar. At this time it caused an intense green discoloration at the base of the blood agar slants around the water of condensation. By repeated animal passages this strain was three times made to revert abruptly to its original form (atypical Type IIa), both in cultural and serological reactions. An immune serum was prepared to each form of the strain, and each serum acted strongly on the homologous form, but was without action on the heterologous form of the strain. This mutation suggests that these pneumococci reacting with all three types of antipneumococcus sera may represent primitive, relatively undifferentiated forms from which the fixed types may have arisen.

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