In this work, the preparation of colloidal systems with microcrystalline cellulose as a gelling agent and silica powder as a filler was considered. By mechanochemical and ultrasonic treatment of a filler made of silicon dioxide and a colloidal base, varying the constituent ingredients, one can purposefully influence the structure of the system and regulate the properties of the resulting compositions. It is shown that the introduction of a filler made of highly dispersed silicon dioxide into a gel system based on cellulose, modified by ultrasonic treatment (UST) with acid additives, provides both acceleration of the gelation process and stabilization of the state of the obtained colloidal composition. As a result of UST, a nanostructured colloidal homogeneous system is formed.