Immediate changes in anticipatory muscle activity after unexpected muscle contraction training

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 574-580
Author(s):  
Osamu Aoki ◽  
Yoshitaka Otani ◽  
Shinichiro Morishita
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Anticipatory Muscle Activity

Control of breathing in craniotes

2019 ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
Steven F. Perry ◽  
Markus Lambertz ◽  
Anke Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Control Of Breathing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Ventilatory Frequency ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Other Hand

Craniote gills are arranged sequentially along the pharynx and accordingly are ventilated from anterior to posterior by a wave of muscle contraction, beginning with the mouth. Each gill pair appears to have its own set of neurons in the brainstem that coordinate the muscle activity and stimulate the next gill pair in the sequence. This system appears to have been maintained from hagfish to teleosts. In tetrapods, on the other hand, various centres in the brainstem coordinate different phases of breathing: expiration, inspiration, and post-inspiration. The location of these centres in the brainstem is similar in amphibians and mammals. The stimulus for regulating ventilatory frequency in water-breathing species is oxygen, whereas for air-breathing species it is blood pH/PCO2—just as in invertebrates.

Receptor mechanisms of serotonin-induced prenodal lymphatic constriction in the canine forelimb

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (2) ◽  
pp. H650-H654 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Dobbins
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contraction ◽  
Constant Flow ◽  
Vasoactive Agents ◽  
Arterial Infusion

Numerous endogenous vasoactive agents have been shown to cause lymphatic smooth muscle contraction. In this study, we assessed the ability of serotonin (5-HT) to alter lymphatic smooth muscle activity and elucidated the receptor mechanisms of 5-HT’s actions. Both intralymphatic and intra-arterial administration of 5-HT significantly increased lymphatic smooth muscle activity in lymphatics perfused at constant flow, as indicated by an increase in lymphatic perfusion pressure. The 5-HT-induced increase in lymphatic perfusion pressure is attenuated but not blocked by the intra-arterial infusion of phentolamine, suggesting the involvement of α-adrenoreceptors and 5-HT receptors. Intralymphatic infusion of the 5-HT2-receptor-agonist α-methylserotonin significantly increased lymphatic perfusion pressure, either alone or when administered into an α-receptor blocked preparation, whereas the 5-HT1-receptor-agonist carboxyamidotryptamine maleate did not effect the prenodal lymphatics. These data indicate that the lymphatic smooth muscle contraction produced by 5-HT is mediated both by lymphatic α-adrenoreceptors and 5-HT2 receptors.

EMG for Subtle, Intimate Interfaces

2008 ◽  
pp. 524-542
Author(s):  
Enrico Costanza ◽  
Samuel A. Inverso ◽  
Rebecca Allen ◽  
Pattie Maes
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Input Device ◽  
Multimodal Interface ◽  
Volitional Control ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Input Modality ◽  
Emg Signal ◽  
Mobile Interfaces

Mobile interfaces should be designed to enable subtle, discreet, and unobtrusive interaction. Biosignals and, in particular, the electromyographic (EMG) signal, can provide a subtle input modality for mobile interfaces. The EMG signal is generated by a muscle contraction and can be used for volitional control; its greatest potential for mobile interfaces is its ability to sense muscle activity not related to movement. An EMG-based wearable input device, the Intimate Communication Armband, is presented in this chapter to demonstrate this subtle interaction concept. The device detects subtle, motionless gestures from the upper arm. Experimental results show that the gestures are reliably recognized without user or machine training, that the system can be used effectively to control a multimodal interface, and that it is very difficult for observers to guess when a trained user is performing subtle gestures, confirming the subtlety of the proposed interaction.

Cerebellar Subjects Show Impaired Adaptation of Anticipatory EMG During Catching

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 2108-2119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Lang ◽  
Amy J. Bastian
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Baseline Phase ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Performance Variability ◽  
Position Data ◽  
Spatial Window ◽  
Anticipatory Muscle Activity ◽  
Adaptation Phase

We evaluated the role of the cerebellum in adapting anticipatory muscle activity during a multijointed catching task. Individuals with and without cerebellar damage caught a series of balls of different weights dropped from above. In Experiment 1(light-heavy-light), each subject was required to catch light balls ( baseline phase), heavy balls ( adaptation phase), and then light balls again ( postadaptation phase). Subjects were not told when the balls would be switched, and they were required to keep their hand within a vertical spatial “window” during the catch. During the series of trials, we measured three-dimensional (3-D) position and electromyogram (EMG) from the catching arm. We modeled the adaptation process using an exponential decay function; this model allowed us to dissociate adaptation from performance variability. Results from the position data show that cerebellar subjects did not adapt or adapted very slowly to the changed ball weight when compared with the control subjects. The cerebellar group required an average of 30.9 ± 8.7 trials (mean ± SE) to progress approximately two-thirds of the way through the adaptation compared with 1.7 ± 0.2 trials for the control group. Only control subjects showed a negative aftereffect indicating storage of the adaptation. No difference in performance variability existed between the two groups. EMG data show that control subjects increased their anticipatory muscle activity in the flexor muscles of the arm to control the momentum of the ball at impact. Cerebellar subjects were unable to differentially increase the anticipatory muscle activity across three joints to perform the task successfully. In Experiment 2 (heavy-light-heavy), we tested to see whether the rate of adaptation changed when adapting to a light ball versus a heavy ball. Subjects caught the heavy balls (baseline phase), the light balls (adaptation phase), and then heavy balls again (postadaptation phase). Comparison of rates of adaptation between Experiment 1 and Experiment 2showed that the rate of adaptation was unchanged whether adapting to a light ball or a heavy ball. Given these findings, we conclude that the cerebellum is important in generating the appropriate anticipatory muscle activity across multiple muscles and modifying it in response to changing demands though trial-and-error practice.

scholarly journals Stabilization of gaze: A relationship between ciliary muscle contraction and trapezius muscle activity

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (23) ◽  
pp. 2559-2569 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.O. Richter ◽  
T. Bänziger ◽  
S. Abdi ◽  
M. Forsman
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Trapezius Muscle ◽  
Ciliary Muscle

Abdominal muscle use during quiet breathing and hyperpnea in uninformed subjects

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 700-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Loring ◽  
J. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Quiet Breathing ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Relaxation Characteristics

Although there is electromyographic evidence for abdominal muscle activity during quiet breathing in standing subjects, several studies have shown, or assumed, that subjects normally breathe on their relaxation characteristics. This latter observation would by itself suggest that abdominal muscles do not contract during quiet breathing. To test this assumption we observed abdominal and rib cage displacements with magnetometers in 17 uninformed subjects. During quiet breathing most subjects showed evidence of tonic or phasic abdominal muscle contraction while standing and sitting but not supine. Subjects studied during hyperpnea immediately following exercise-showed evidence of greater abdominal muscle contraction than at rest. We conclude that most subjects standing at rest normally contract their abdominal muscles.

The effect of load uncertainty on anticipatory muscle activity in catching

2012 ◽  
Vol 220 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason J. Eckerle ◽  
William P. Berg ◽  
Rose Marie Ward
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Load Uncertainty ◽  
Anticipatory Muscle Activity

scholarly journals The effect of visual feedback for muscle activity at coordination of muscle contraction

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOSUKE SATO ◽  
SHIN MURATA ◽  
YOSHIHIRO KAI ◽  
HIDEYUKI NAKAE ◽  
MASAYUKI SOMA
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Muscle Activity
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