Cost-sharing and the Cost-effectiveness of Grants and Loan Subsidies to Higher Education

Author(s):  
D. BRUCE JOHNSTONE
2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Bruno Ruffini

As other sectors, higher education can be characterized by the combination of market mechanisms and state intervention in its funding and organization. Although higher education systems of developed countries pursue similar goals (provide high-level manpower, meet individual and social demands, etc.) and face similar challenges (massive expansion, internationalization, MOOCs, etc.) their economic models differ significantly. In some countries, universities are public and charge no or very low tuition fees, whereas in other countries, the cost-sharing with parents and students is much more demanding. The paper will try to underscore and explain these differences by drawing on the lessons of economic analysis and on the historical and cultural background of countries.


1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Layard ◽  
Michael Oatey

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-158

Martin Hall of University of Salford reviews “Financing Higher Education Worldwide: Who Pays? Who Should Pay?” by D. Bruce Johnstone and Pamela N. Marcucci.. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Explores the financing of higher education from an international comparative perspective, focusing on the strategy of cost-sharing. Discusses diverging trajectories of higher education's costs and public revenues worldwide; financial austerity and solutions on the cost side; the perspective and policy….”


2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Kasraie ◽  
Esrafill Kasraie

The Internet and advancements in the field of information technology have opened up unprecedented opportunities for every citizen to succeed in the 21st Century.  Higher education has been utilizing the new technology by offering web-based education.  Many universities today offer online classes and even online degrees using eLearning.  But how can we measure the cost effectiveness and efficiency of eLearning?  The purpose of this article is to review a model to measure the cost effectiveness and efficiency of eLearning by investigating the three major sectors of the eLearning industry and discuss the impacts of economy on the growth of this newly developed industry.


Author(s):  
D. Bruce Johnstone

Cost-Sharing—meaning the shift of a portion of the costs of higher education (including the costs of student living) that may once have been borne predominantly or even exclusively by governments, or taxpayers, to parents and students—has been deeply contested, but found to be financially necessary (and according to many analysts more equitable) in more and more countries, including in Sub-Saharan Africa. Student loans have been part of this process, allowing students the opportunity to invest in their own further educations, placing needed revenue in the hands of students supposedly at less cost to taxpayers than outright grants (presuming loan recovery), and providing colleges and universities (again presuming loan recovery) with revenue that would not be forthcoming from governments. However, African student loan programs have been largely unsuccessful at providing significant net revenue supplementation: that is, after covering the cost of capital as well as the costs of originating, servicing, and collecting plus covering the substantial costs of defaults. This essay analyzes some of these problems and suggests some principles for making student loans work better in Africa. Le partage des coûts – c’est-à-dire le transfert aux parents et étudiants d’une partie du coût de l’enseignement supérieur (y compris le coût de la vie), qui était auparavant pris en charge majoritairement ou même exclusivement par le gouvernement, ou plutôt les contribuables– a été fortement contesté mais est devenu nécessaire (et selon de nombreux analystes est plus équitable) dans un nombre croissant de pays, notamment en Afrique sub-saharienne. Les prêts étudiants font partie intégrante de ce processus, donnant aux étudiants l’opportunité d’investir dans leur propre éducation, en mettant les revenus nécessaires entre les mains des étudiants, en principe à moindre coût pour le contribuable que les bourses (en présumant le remboursement du prêt), et fournissant aux établissements d’enseignement supérieur (toujours en présumant le remboursement du prêt) des revenus qui ne proviennent pas des gouvernements. Cependant, les programmes de prêts étudiants en Afrique ont largement échoué à fournir d’importants revenus complémentaires, une fois couverts le coût du capital ainsi que les frais de dossier, de service, de collection, et le coût considérable des défauts de paiement. Cet essai analyse certains de ces problèmes et propose quelques principes pour que les prêts étudiants fonctionnent mieux en Afrique.


Stroke ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Okon ◽  
Richard Nelson ◽  
Jennifer Majersik ◽  
Alexandra Lesko ◽  
Archit Bhatt ◽  
...  

Background: Stroke care in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) is challenging due to vast distances between small facilities and stroke experts. Regional stroke centers have adopted telestroke to meet this challenge, but often bear the entire cost burden. We sought to determine the effect of distance and facility size on cost-effectiveness of telestroke implementation within our PNW Telestroke Network. Methods: We used a decision analytic model with input parameters obtained from patient-level clinical and hospital costs and reimbursements from the Oregon Providence Telestroke Network using pre- and post-telestroke implementation data. Using a one-year time horizon, we calculated the cost-effectiveness of telestroke for spoke facility characteristics of: (1) stroke volume (</≥ 25/yr), (2) distance to hub facility (</≥ 130 miles), and (3) number of hospital beds (</≥ 70). Data included all acute ischemic stroke patients presenting at the spoke hospitals within 4.5 hours of symptom onset. Probability inputs included IV-tPA treatment rates and transfer status. Effectiveness, measured as quality adjusted life years (QALYs), and costs, were combined to calculate incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for the spoke hospitals. ICER’s of <$50,000-$120,000/QALY are considered cost-effective. Outcomes were stratified by percentage of cost burden for implementation by the spoke. Results: See Table 1. Conclusions: Our results suggest that despite the unique characteristics of the PNW, telestroke remained cost effective and the cost effectiveness of telestroke was not affected by bedsize, distance from hub or stroke volumes. Thus, a cost-sharing model may be a feasible solution to telestroke network economic sustainability.


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