عقبات التحول نحو الإقتصاد المتنوع في العراق

The research aims to identify the most important structural imbalances that impede the process of economic development, and then the most important requirements and conditions for the transition from a unilateral economy to a diversified economy capable of achieving sustainable and self-growth economic development. The research found the need to raise the contribution of the commodity sectors to the gross domestic product, and then reduce the proportion of rentier resources in this output by removing the structural imbalances that stand in the way of raising the contribution of the non-oil economic sectors, and it is also necessary to reconsider the state’s general budget by diversifying public revenues. And the rationality of disposing of public money and making this a priority of fiscal policy and refraining from relying on the public administration to create job opportunities by supporting the private sector and increasing the proportion of investment in the budget at the expense of reducing unnecessary expenditure items from current expenditures, given that supporting and developing the private sector and raising the proportion of investment expenditures in the budget It will create new real job opportunities and reduce unemployment.

Advancing Sustainable Internal Audit in Iraq’s Supreme Audit Institutions: A Proposed Conceptual Framework

Purpose - The movement of public funds has always been of interest to stakeholders as public revenues and expenditures are regarded as major stimulus to the economic growth of a country. Therefore, this conceptual paper seeks to investigate the role of Iraq’s Federal Board of Supreme Audit Control (FBSA) in enhancing sustainable internal audits.Design/methodology/approach - A review of published articles from 2003 to 2020 was conducted. From the keywords, 4 relevant databases were searched and discussion of the results of 45 articles were appropriate for this study.Findings – The paper proposed a framework that suggests the need for policy reforms to take effect so as to enhance the role of FBSAC in Iraq. This is important to policymakers and financial auditors, and the urgent necessity for policy reform in supreme audit institutions(SAIs).Research limitations/implications – This paper is limited to reviewing the extant literature to provide a bottom-up exploration of sustainable internal audit in the Iraq’s public sector.Practical implications – The findings of this paper contributes to enhance better accountability to the people. The emerged discussion will alleviate the scarcity of literature, notably in Iraq’s FBSA. As part of the practical implications, this paper advocates for the creation of policies and reforms that will empower the FBSA to improve public audits and to ultimately enhance the public sector’s accountability.Original/value – This paper demonstrates that some of the existing FBSA policies need to be overhaul for better efficiency.

Political Budget Cycles in Public Revenues: Evidence From Fines

This article seeks to ascertain whether local governments make improper use of their discretion and use pecuniary sanctions for electoral purposes. To this end, a sample of Spanish municipalities with a population of more than 1,000 citizens during the period 2010 to 2016 has been used. Our results show that revenues from fines are influenced by the presence of elections. In particular, we find that local governments in an election year reduce the percentage of fines, measured either over total non-financial revenues or in per capita terms. This reduction, compared to the pre-election year, suggests that politicians use their discretionary power to issue fewer fines in election years, as they are aware that penalties are not well-regarded by citizens. In addition, we find that the most indebted municipalities, those governed by right-wing parties and the most fragmented municipalities tend to collect more revenues from fines in the pre-election year. Finally, other factors influencing revenues from fines are the number of inhabitants of the municipality, the sources of external funding that the local government has, the ideology of the rulers and their political strength.

Concubinage in the Polish Tax Law

The main goal of this study is to assess whether, and if so, how the tax policy is implemented in Poland in relation to informal partnerships. The justification for conducting research in this area is the growing number of such relationships and the demands formulated by the public on the principles of taxation of cohabitants. The study analyzes not only taxes on natural persons, but also the provisions governing the principles of tax liability. The research shows that while pro-family tax policy is implemented on a fairly large scale in Poland, it does not apply to cohabitants. In principle, cohabitants do not have the right to any preferential taxation rules, above all tax reliefs and exemptions. Moreover, the analysis of the research material clearly indicates that staying in cohabitation can even aggravate the situation of a cohabitant under tax law (which can be seen perfectly well on the example of a cohabitant's liability for his partner's taxes). On the basis of a critical analysis of the Polish tax law provisions, the general thesis has been formulated that the situation of cohabitants is affected by deep asymmetry, because on the one hand the legislator uses cohabitation to improve the allocation of public revenues, but on the other hand it does not include cohabitants with pro-family tax policy (although cohabitation is very similar to marriage). The study includes certain demands on the legislator, thanks to which it is possible to cover cohabitants by pro-family tax policy.

Footing the Bill

Chapter 8 briefly takes up two questions about funding the proposals advanced in Chapters 6 and 7: how to structure the funding of new and existing benefits—specifically, those that could but need not be funded through employer payrolls—and how to raise whatever public revenues are needed. The problem is this: Payroll-based funding tends to unnecessarily speed job losses and affords limited latitude for redistribution; but it has political advantages as seen with Social Security. Payroll-based benefits are seen by beneficiaries and voters as earned and owned, and they require little or no public appropriations. The chapter proposes hybrid funding mechanisms, including new uses for “wage subsidies,” that attempt to finesse this dilemma. And it suggests some more and less familiar ways of taxing the biggest winners in a more automated economy to support programs in support of those being left behind.

C EFFICIENCY RATIO AS A MEASURE OF VAT EFFICIENCY IN EU DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND SERBIA

The policy led by a large number of developing countries, with the aim of increasing indirect taxes, has opened the issue of Value Added Tax (VAT) efficiency. Reforms of tax systems of developing countries generally involve an increase in standard rates in order to increase VAT, which is the main source of public revenues. In such a way, developing countries determine the VAT efficiency and the amount of revenue that could be collected by indirect taxation. The article sums up works of different scientists, dealing with the impact of determinants on VAT efficiency. The subject of this paper is an analysis of the factors that influence the C efficiency ratio. The main objective of the paper is to analize the impact of the change in the standard rate on the ratio. Theoretical analyses of standard rates and other factors that have reflections on the VAT collection efficiency explicitly prove that there are different ways to improve the efficiency of VAT collection, and exclude an increase in the standard rate. An increase in the standard rate provides a balance of negative effects, which can be blurred by recorded tax revenues. We focused on the countries of the European Union: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Croatia, Latvia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Lithuania during the 2000-2016 period. These countries experienced significant changes in government during economic transformation, and where VAT is the main source of public revenues. The last section analize an increse in VAT rate and C efficiency ratio in Serbia and conteins conclusions. The paper indicates the imperfection of inadequately defined VAT rates on economic growth and development in analized countries. Based on analyses we can conclude that the increase in the standard rate have negative reflections on the VAT efficiency, and that it was one of the factors of the continuous decline in C-efficiency.

A Dynamic Factor and Neural Networks Analysis of the Co-movement of Public Revenues in the EMU

This paper shows that the co-movement of public revenues in the European Monetary Union (EMU) is driven by an unobserved common factor. Our empirical analysis uses yearly data covering the period 1970–2014 for 12 selected EMU member countries. We have found that this common component has a significant impact on public revenues in the majority of the countries. We highlight this common pattern in a dynamic factor model (DFM). Since this factor is unobservable, it is difficult to agree on what it represents. We argue that the latent factor that emerges from the two different empirical approaches used might have a composite nature, being the result of both the more general convergence of the economic cycles of the countries in the area and the increasingly better tuned tax structure. However, the original aspect of our paper is the use of a back-propagation neural networks (BPNN)-DF model to test the results of the time-series. At the level of computer programming, the results obtained represent the first empirical demonstration of the latent factor’s presence.

An analysis and measurement of the effect of changes in public revenues on selected macro variables of the Iraqi economy from 2008 to 2021

Public revenues determine the extent to which governments finance their public spending and development programs. Also it is known that the fluctuations of these revenues have negative effects on the overall economic life of any economy, regardless of its development level and structural diversity, and, accordingly, changes in public revenues (especially oil ones) in the economy. The research seeks to demonstrate the impact of that change on those variables, since the research shows the dominance of oil revenues on total public revenues, which indicates the extent of the structural imbalance in the structure of exports to the Iraqi economy, along with a significant weakness of other sources in the formation of public revenues in the period between 2008 and 2021. The research also highlights a need for the government to develop a clear strategy aimed at managing and allocating oil wealth optimally according to a well-studied economic vision in order to reduce the structural distortion that the national economy suffers from, with an emphasis on the need to work on complementing oil revenues with reconstruction and developing the real economy and to diversify sources of income in the economy in order not to depend on oil exports to finance the general budget and control inflation rates.

Liberia’s Weah will face stiff re-election battle

Significance While the opposition Collaborating Political Parties (CPP) alliance won seven of the 15 senate seats on offer, compared to three for the CDC, preliminary results of the referendum show over 60% of votes were invalid, suggesting deliberate ballot spoiling by disaffected voters. Impacts Weah is increasingly unlikely to secure a second term unless he regains public trust and oversees an improving economy. Poor performance in the non-mining sector will continue to undermine public revenues. Rising public discontent will drive intermittent street protests.