Five Alternative Scenarios for West European Unionism

1999 ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hyman
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
West European

Pollution of the North Sea by West European Rivers

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hupkes
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Pollution Loads ◽  
West European

The pollution loads of the major rivers flowing into the North Sea are calculated over the period of 1984 to 1987. The loads were calculated on the basis of data as provided by the measuring authorities concerned. For several substances the loads are compared with other sources of pollution. In general it can be stated that the reliability of the loads is rather low. Changes in the annual loads are seldom statistically significant over the period of four years. The highest concentrations are, in most of the cases, found in the river Scheldt. When loads are considered the Rhine and Elbe contribute the largest loads for most of the substances.

scholarly journals Sad delusions: The decline and rise of Greater Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 187936652199975
Author(s):  
Richard Sakwa
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Order ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Fundamental Tension ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
West European

The end of the Cold War was accompanied by the idea that the fall of the Berlin Wall represented the beginning of the unification of Europe. Mikhail Gorbachev talked in terms of a “Common European Home,” an idea that continues in the guise of the project for a “Greater Europe.” However, right from the start, the transformative idea of Greater Europe was countered by the notion of “Europe whole and free,” whose fundamental dynamic was the enlargement of the existing West European order to encompass the rest of the continent. This was a program for the enlargement of the Atlantic system. After some prevarication, the enlargement agenda proved unacceptable to Moscow, and while it continues to argue in favor of transformation its main efforts are now devoted to creating some sort of “greater Eurasia.” There remains a fundamental tension between Atlanticist and pan-continental version of the post-–Cold War international order in the region. This tension gave rise to conflict and war: in 2008 (the Russo-Georgian War) and again from 2014 (Ukraine), and to what some call the Second Cold War. The continent is once again divided. However, pan-continentalism is far from dead, and although Greater Eurasian ideas have thrived, some sort of Greater European continentalism remains on the agenda. Is this, though, no more than a “sad delusion” or a genuine possibility?

Impact of COVID-19 on India: alternative scenarios for economic and social development

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-343
Author(s):  
Purnamita Dasgupta ◽  
Manoj Panda ◽  
Rohan Bansal ◽  
Samraj Sahay
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Alternative Scenarios

scholarly journals Spectral index-flux relation for investigating the origins of steep decay in γ-ray bursts

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuele Ronchini ◽  
Gor Oganesyan ◽  
Marica Branchesi ◽  
Stefano Ascenzi ◽  
Maria Grazia Bernardini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Index ◽  
Proton Synchrotron ◽  
Relativistic Jets ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Compact Binary ◽  
Internal Dissipation ◽  
Adiabatic Cooling ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
Steep Decay

Abstractγ-ray bursts (GRBs) are short-lived transients releasing a large amount of energy (1051 − 1053 erg) in the keV-MeV energy range. GRBs are thought to originate from internal dissipation of the energy carried by ultra-relativistic jets launched by the remnant of a massive star’s death or a compact binary coalescence. While thousands of GRBs have been observed over the last thirty years, we still have an incomplete understanding of where and how the radiation is generated in the jet. Here we show a relation between the spectral index and the flux found by investigating the X-ray tails of bright GRB pulses via time-resolved spectral analysis. This relation is incompatible with the long standing scenario which invokes the delayed arrival of photons from high-latitude parts of the jet. While the alternative scenarios cannot be firmly excluded, the adiabatic cooling of the emitting particles is the most plausible explanation for the discovered relation, suggesting a proton-synchrotron origin of the GRB emission.

scholarly journals Combining regional to local restoration goals in the Brazilian Atlantic forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassia M.G. Lemos ◽  
Pedro R. Andrade ◽  
Ricardo R. Rodrigues ◽  
Leticia Hissa ◽  
Ana P. D. Aguiar
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Brazilian Atlantic Forest ◽  
Regeneration Potential ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
The Cost

AbstractTo achieve regional and international large-scale restoration goals with minimum costs, several restoration commitments rely on natural regeneration, a passive and inexpensive strategy. However, natural regeneration potential may vary within the landscape, mainly due to its historical context. In this work, we use spatially explicit restoration scenarios to explore how and where, within a given region, multiple restoration commitments could be combined to achieve cost-effectiveness outcomes. Our goal is to facilitate the elaboration of forest restoration plans at the regional level, taking into consideration the costs for active and passive restoration methods. The approach includes (1) a statistical analysis to estimate the natural regeneration potential for a given area based on alternative sets of biophysical, land cover, and/or socioeconomic factors and (2) the use of a land change allocation model to explore the cost-effectiveness of combining multiple restoration commitments in a given area through alternative scenarios. We test our approach in a strategic region in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Biome, the Paraiba Valley in São Paulo State. Using the available data for 2011, calibrated for 2015, we build alternative scenarios for allocating natural regeneration until 2025. Our models indicate that the natural regeneration potential of the region is actually very low, and the cost-effectiveness outcomes are similar for all scenarios. We believe our approach can be used to support the regional-level decision-making about the implementation of multiple commitments aiming at the same target area. It can also be combined with other approaches for more refined analysis (e.g., optimization models).

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