Syndromes of Hormone Resistance on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis

2004 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Resistance ◽  
Pituitary Thyroid Axis ◽  
Thyroid Axis

Syndromes of hormone resistance in the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Beck-Peccoz ◽  
Luca Persani ◽  
Davide Calebiro ◽  
Marco Bonomi ◽  
Deborah Mannavola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Resistance ◽  
Pituitary Thyroid Axis ◽  
Thyroid Axis

scholarly journals Chronothyroidology: Chronobiological Aspects in Thyroid Function and Diseases

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 426
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Bellastella ◽  
Maria Ida Maiorino ◽  
Lorenzo Scappaticcio ◽  
Annamaria De Bellis ◽  
Silvia Mercadante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Biological Rhythms ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Pituitary Thyroid Axis ◽  
Circadian Organization ◽  
Thyroid Axis ◽  
Central Clock ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunctions

Chronobiology is the scientific discipline which considers biological phenomena in relation to time, which assumes itself biological identity. Many physiological processes are cyclically regulated by intrinsic clocks and many pathological events show a circadian time-related occurrence. Even the pituitary–thyroid axis is under the control of a central clock, and the hormones of the pituitary–thyroid axis exhibit circadian, ultradian and circannual rhythmicity. This review, after describing briefly the essential principles of chronobiology, will be focused on the results of personal experiences and of other studies on this issue, paying particular attention to those regarding the thyroid implications, appearing in the literature as reviews, metanalyses, original and observational studies until 28 February 2021 and acquired from two databases (Scopus and PubMed). The first input to biological rhythms is given by a central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which dictates the timing from its hypothalamic site to satellite clocks that contribute in a hierarchical way to regulate the physiological rhythmicity. Disruption of the rhythmic organization can favor the onset of important disorders, including thyroid diseases. Several studies on the interrelationship between thyroid function and circadian rhythmicity demonstrated that thyroid dysfunctions may affect negatively circadian organization, disrupting TSH rhythm. Conversely, alterations of clock machinery may cause important perturbations at the cellular level, which may favor thyroid dysfunctions and also cancer.

scholarly journals OctylPhenol (OP) Alone and in Combination with NonylPhenol (NP) Alters the Structure and the Function of Thyroid Gland of the Lizard Podarcis siculus

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosaria Sciarrillo ◽  
Mariana Di Lorenzo ◽  
Salvatore Valiante ◽  
Luigi Rosati ◽  
Maria De Falco
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Pituitary Thyroid Axis ◽  
Podarcis Siculus ◽  
Thyroid Axis ◽  
By Products

Abstract Different environmental contaminants disturb the thyroid system at many levels. AlkylPhenols (APs), by-products of microbial degradation of AlkylPhenol Polyethoxylates (APEOs), constitute an important class of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), the two most often used environmental APs being 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects on the thyroid gland of the bioindicator Podarcis siculus of OP alone and in combination with NP. We used radioimmunoassay to determine their effects on plasma 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), 3,3′,5,5′-L-thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) levels in adult male lizards. We also investigated the impacts of AP treatments on hepatic 5′ORD (type II) deiodinase and hepatic content of T3 and T4. After OP and OP + NP administration, TRH levels increased, whereas TSH, T3, and T4 levels decreased. Lizards treated with OP and OP + NP had a higher concentration of T3 in the liver and 5′ORD (type II) activity, whereas T4 concentrations were lower than that observed in the control group. Moreover, histological examination showed that the volume of the thyroid follicles became smaller in treated lizards suggesting that that thyroid follicular epithelial cells were not functionally active following treatment. This data collectively suggest a severe interference with hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis and a systemic imbalance of thyroid hormones. Graphic Abstract

The Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Adults with Phenylketonuria

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1179-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. STEWART ◽  
S. HEMLI ◽  
G. H. DANIELS ◽  
E. H. KOLODNY ◽  
F. MALOOF
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Thyroid Axis ◽  
Thyroid Axis

The Role of Tanycytes in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis and the Possibilities for Their Genetic Manipulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (06/07) ◽  
pp. 388-394
Author(s):  
Helge Müller-Fielitz ◽  
Markus Schwaninger
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Heart Function ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Pituitary Thyroid Axis ◽  
Thyroid Axis ◽  
Hpt Axis ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThyroid hormone (TH) regulation is important for development, energy homeostasis, heart function, and bone formation. To control the effects of TH in target organs, the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and the tissue-specific availability of TH are highly regulated by negative feedback. To exert a central feedback, TH must enter the brain via specific transport mechanisms and cross the blood-brain barrier. Here, tanycytes, which are located in the ventral walls of the 3rd ventricle in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), function as gatekeepers. Tanycytes are able to transport, sense, and modify the release of hormones of the HPT axis and are involved in feedback regulation. In this review, we focus on the relevance of tanycytes in thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) release and review available genetic tools to investigate the physiological functions of these cells.

scholarly journals The Effect of Insulin Administration on the Hypothalamic-pituitary Thyroid Axis in the Rat

1979 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terunori MITSUMA ◽  
Tsuyoshi NOGIMORI ◽  
Yoshibumi HIROOKA
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Pituitary Thyroid Axis ◽  
Thyroid Axis
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