Experiment 7 The Surface Roughness of the Moon. Reflection and Scattering from a Planetary Surface: Part II. Beads and Surface Coverage

2012 ◽  
pp. 129-154
Author(s):  
Leslie M. Golden
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Surface Coverage ◽  
Planetary Surface ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Surface Part

Thermophysical model of the Moon from 3.7 to 15 μm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Müller ◽  
Martin J. Burgdorf ◽  
Stefan A. Buehler ◽  
Marc Prange
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Wavelength Range ◽  
Thermal Flux ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Thermophysical Model ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Model Fits

<p>We present a thermophysical model (TPM) of the Moon which matches the observed, global, disk-integrated thermal flux densities of the Moon in the mid-infrared wavelength range for a phase angle range from -90° to +90°.<br />The model was tested and verified against serendipitous multi-channel HIRS measurements of the Moon obtained by different meteorological satellites (NOAA-11, NOAA-14, NOAA-15, NOAA-17, NOAA-18, NOAA-19, MetOp-A, MetOp-B). The sporadic intrusions of the Moon in the deep space view of these instruments have been extracted in cases where the entire Moon was within the instruments' field of view. The HIRS long-wavelengths channels 1-12 cover the range from 6.5 to 15 μm, the short-wavelengths channels 13-19 are in the 3.7 to 4.6 μm range.</p> <p>The model is based on an asteroid TPM concept (Lagerros 1996, 1997, 1998; Müller & Lagerros 1998, 2002), using the known global properties of the Moon (like size, shape, spin properties, geometric albedo, thermal inertia, surface roughness, see Keihm 1984; Racca 1995; Rozitis & Green 2011; Hayne et al. 2017), combined with a model for the spectral hemispherical emissivity which varies between 0.6 and 1.0 in the HIRS wavelength range (Shaw 1998; ECOSTRESS data base: https://ecostress.jpl.nasa.gov/). The spectral emissivity as well as characteristics of the surface roughness are crucial to explain the well-calibrated measurements.</p> <p>Our Moon model fits the flux densities for the currently available 22 epochs (each time up to 19 channels) with an absolute accuracy of 5-10%. The phase curves at the different wavelengths are well explained. The spectral energy distributions are very sensitive to emissivity and roughness properties. Here, we see minor variations in the model fits, depending on the origin (phase and aspect angle related) of the thermal emission. We also investigated the influence of reflected sunlight at short wavelengths.</p> <p>Our TPM of the Moon has a wide range of applications: (i) for Earth-observing weather satellites in the context of field of view and photometric calibration (e.g., Burgdorf et al. 2020); (ii) for interplanetary space missions (e.g., Hayabusa2, OSIRIS-REx or BepiColombo) with infrared instruments on board for an in-space characterization of instrument properites (e.g., Okada et al. 2018); (iii) to shed light on the thermal mid-infrared properties of the lunar surface on a global scale; and, (iv) to benchmark thermophysical model techniques for asteroids in the regime below 10 μm (e.g., observed by WISE in the W1 and W2 bands at 3.4 and 4.6 μm, by Spitzer-IRAC at 3.55 and 4.49 μm or from ground in M band at around 5 μm).</p> <p><br />References:<br />Burgdorf M., et al. 2020, Remote Sens. 12, 1488; Hayne, P. et al. 2017, JGRE 122, 237; Keihm, S.J. 1984, Icarus 60, 568; Lagerros 1996,  A&A 310, 1011; Lagerros 1997, A&A 325, 1226; Lagerros 1998, A&A 332, 1123; Müller & Lagerros 1998, A&A 338, 340; Müller & Lagerros 2002, A&A 381, 324; Okada T. et al. 2018, P&SS 158, 46; Racca G. 1995, P&SS 43, 835; Rozitis & Green 2011, MNRAS 415, 2042.</p> <p> </p>

The influence of surface roughness on volatile transport on the Moon

Icarus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 299 ◽  
pp. 31-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Prem ◽  
D.B. Goldstein ◽  
P.L. Varghese ◽  
L.M. Trafton
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Volatile Transport

scholarly journals Состав и морфология поверхности Si(111) с поверхностной пленкой SiO-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- разной толщины

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1045
Author(s):  
Б.Е. Умирзаков ◽  
С.Б. Донаев ◽  
Р.М. Ёркулов ◽  
Р.Х. Ашуров ◽  
В.М. Ротштейн
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Electronic Structure ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Thermal Oxidation ◽  
Surface Coverage ◽  
Plasma Oscillations

In this work, the composition, morphology, and electronic structure of SiO2 nanofilms of various thicknesses, created by thermal oxidation on the Si(111) surface, have been studied. It is shown that up to a thickness of 30–40 Å, the film has an island character. At d ≥ 60 Å, a homogeneous continuously film of SiO2 is formed and the stoichiometric surface roughness of which does not exceed 1.5 - 2 nm. Regardless of the film thickness of the SiO2 appreciable interdiffusion of atoms at the interface SiO2-Si not observed. The regularities of the change in the composition, the degree of surface coverage, and the energy of plasma oscillations with a change in the thickness of the SiO2/Si(111) films in the range from 20 to 120 Å have been determined.

scholarly journals Sintering and Microstructures of SUS 316L Powder Produced by 3D Printing Process

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 1215-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.J. Kim ◽  
H.-H. Nguyen ◽  
H.Y. Kim ◽  
M.-T. Nguyen ◽  
H.S. Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Ceramic Powders ◽  
Spherical Type ◽  
Spherical Powder ◽  
Surface Part ◽  
Metal Polymer ◽  
Type Sample

AbstractSelective laser sintering (SLS) is a type of laminating sintering technique, using CO2laser with (metal, polymer, and ceramic) powders. In this result, the flake SUS 316L was used to achieve a high porous product, and compare to spherical type. After SLS, the porosity of flake-type sample with 34% was quite higher than that of the spherical-type one that had only 11%. The surface roughness of the flake SLS sample were also investigated in both inner and surface parts. The results show that the deviation of the roughness of the surface part is about 64.40μm, while that of the internal one was about 117.65μm, which presents the containing of high porosity in the uneven surfaces. With the process using spherical powder, the sample was quite dense, however, some initial particles still remained as a result of less energy received at the beneath of the processing layer.

scholarly journals Sintering of screen-printed platinum thick films for electrode applications

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 922-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Véchembre ◽  
G. R. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Screen Printing ◽  
Critical Parameter ◽  
Surface Coverage ◽  
Sintering Behavior ◽  
Alumina Surface ◽  
Anomalous Increase ◽  
Pt Electrodes ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Pt Films

Pt electrodes with a 6–8-μm thickness were produced on alumina substrates by a double-print Pt screen-printing process that included a sequential heat treatment at 600 °C and 1300 °C. This process improved the final sintered double-print film because the first printed layer acted as a sintering template for the second printed layer. The sintered Pt films have a 95% coverage of the alumina surface, 92% density, 0.73-μm average surface roughness, and 16.10−5 Ω cm resistivity. The sintering behavior of Pt films exhibited three stages of densification: Stage I (T °C < 700 °C), exhibiting neck growth, and Stage II (700 < T °C < 1300 °C), exhibiting grain growth, have activation energies of 64 kJ/mol and 125 kJ/mol, respectively. Stage III exhibits a decrease in shrinkage due to Pt coalescence and island formation. The transition temperature, 700 °C, between Stages I and II corresponds to an anomalous increase in surface roughness and resistivity. The thickness of Pt films was a critical parameter for achieving alumina surface coverage. Uniaxial pressing of dried Pt films increased densification and reduced the surface roughness of double-print Pt films.

Low temperature/low pressure hydrothermal synthesis of barium titanate: Powder and heteroepitaxial thin films

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1784-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.T. Chien ◽  
J.S. Speck ◽  
F.F. Lange ◽  
A.C. Daykm ◽  
C.G. Levi
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Barium Titanate ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Surface Coverage ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Barium Titanate Powder ◽  
Stability Diagrams ◽  
Synthesis Of Barium Titanate

Barium titanate powder and heteroepitaxial thin films were successfully produced by hydrothermal routes at ambient pressure and temperatures less than 100 °C. This processing method provides a simple low temperature route for producing epitaxied barium titanate thin films on single-crystal SrTiO3 substrates and powders which could also be extended to other systems. A dissolution/reprecipitation growth mechanism also was proposed for the formation of barium titanate by this route using previously published aqueous stability diagrams. Repeated hydrothermal treatments improved film thickness and surface coverage at the expense of increased surface roughness.

Design of Planetary Exploration Vehicles

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Genta
Keyword(s):  
Landing Site ◽  
Planetary Exploration ◽  
Planetary Surface ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Design Requirements

The exploration, both robotic and human, of the Moon and the planets requires the use of vehicles to carry instrumentation and later people from the landing site or the outpost to the places to be explored. The aim of the present paper is to consider the design requirements of planetary exploration vehicles, both manned and robotic, mainly for what mobility on the planetary surface is concerned. The objective is to identify technologies that can be transferred from the automotive field, and to show the relevant differences and similarities of operation in so different environments.

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