Modeling of Oxygen Transport to Skeletal Muscle: Blood Flow Distribution, Shunt, and Diffusion

1992 ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Piiper
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Blood Flow Distribution ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
And Diffusion

scholarly journals Sodium nitroprusside increases human skeletal muscle blood flow, but does not change flow distribution or glucose uptake

1999 ◽  
Vol 521 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olli-Pekka Pitkänen ◽  
Hanna Laine ◽  
Jukka Kemppainen ◽  
Esa Eronen ◽  
Anu Alanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Sodium Nitroprusside ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow

Blood flow distribution in working in situ canine muscle during blood flow reduction

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 1978-1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Kurdak ◽  
B. Grassi ◽  
P. D. Wagner ◽  
M. C. Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Blood Flow Distribution ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Flow Heterogeneity ◽  
Blood Flow Reduction ◽  
Blood Flow Heterogeneity

The purpose of this study was to determine whether reduction in apparent muscle O2 diffusing capacity (Dmo2) calculated during reduced blood flow conditions in maximally working muscle is a reflection of alterations in blood flow distribution. Isolated dog gastrocnemius muscle (n = 6) was stimulated for 3 min to achieve peak O2 uptake (VO2) at two levels of blood flow (controlled by pump perfusion): control (C) conditions at normal perfusion pressure (blood flow = 111 +/- 10 ml.100 g-1.min-1) and reduced blood flow treatment [ischemia (I); 52 +/- 6 ml.100 g-1.min-1]. In addition, maximal vasodilation was achieved by adenosine (A) infusion (10(-2)M) at both levels of blood flow, so that each muscle was subjected randomly to a total of four conditions (C, CA, I, and IA; each separated by 45 min of rest). Muscle blood flow distribution was measured with 15-microns-diameter colored microspheres. A numerical integration technique was used to calculate Dmo2 for each treatment with use of a model that calculates O2 loss along a capillary on the basis of Fick's law of diffusion. Peak VO2 was reduced significantly (P < 0.01) with ischemia and was unchanged by adenosine infusion at either flow rate (10.6 +/- 0.9, 9.7 +/- 1.0, 6.7 +/- 0.2, and 5.9 +/- 0.8 ml.100 g-1.min-1 for C, CA, I, and IA, respectively). Dmo2 was significantly lower by 30-35% (P < 0.01) when flow was reduced (except for CA vs. I; 0.23 +/- 0.03, 0.20 +/- 0.02, 0.16 +/- 0.01, and 0.13 +/- 0.01 ml.100 g-1.min-1.Torr-1 for C, CA, I, and IA, respectively). As expressed by the coefficient of variation (0.45 +/- 0.04, 0.47 +/- 0.04, 0.55 +/- 0.03, and 0.53 +/- 0.04 for C, CA, I, and IA, respectively), blood flow heterogeneity per se was not significantly different among the four conditions when examined by analysis of variance. However, there was a strong negative correlation (r = 0.89, P < 0.05) between Dmo2 and blood flow heterogeneity among the four conditions, suggesting that blood flow redistribution (likely a result of a decrease in the number of perfused capillaries) becomes an increasingly important factor in the determination of Dmo2 as blood flow is diminished.

Biphasic effect of hydrogen peroxide on skeletal muscle arteriolar tone via activation of endothelial and smooth muscle signaling pathways

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 1130-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csongor Csekő ◽  
Zsolt Bagi ◽  
Akos Koller
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Local Regulation ◽  
Prostaglandin H ◽  
Arteriolar Tone

We hypothesized that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has a role in the local regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow, thus significantly affecting the myogenic tone of arterioles. In our study, we investigated the effects of exogenous H2O2 on the diameter of isolated, pressurized (at 80 mmHg) rat gracilis skeletal muscle arterioles (diameter of ∼150 μm). Lower concentrations of H2O2 (10−6–3 × 10−5 M) elicited constrictions, whereas higher concentrations of H2O2 (6 × 10−5–3 × 10−4 M), after initial constrictions, caused dilations of arterioles (at 10−4 M H2O2, −19 ± 1% constriction and 66 ± 4% dilation). Endothelium removal reduced both constrictions (to −10 ± 1%) and dilations (to 33 ± 3%) due to H2O2. Constrictions due to H2O2 were completely abolished by indomethacin and the prostaglandin H2/thromboxane A2 (PGH2/TxA2) receptor antagonist SQ-29548. Dilations due to H2O2 were significantly reduced by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (to 38 ± 7%) but were unaffected by clotrimazole or sulfaphenazole (inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 enzymes), indomethacin, or SQ-29548. In endothelium-denuded arterioles, clotrimazole had no effect, whereas H2O2-induced dilations were significantly reduced by charybdotoxin plus apamin, inhibitors of Ca2+-activated K+ channels (to 24 ± 3%), the selective blocker of ATP-sensitive K+ channels glybenclamide (to 14 ± 2%), and the nonselective K+-channel inhibitor tetrabutylammonium (to −1 ± 1%). Thus exogenous administration of H2O2 elicits 1) release of PGH2/TxA2 from both endothelium and smooth muscle, 2) release of nitric oxide from the endothelium, and 3) activation of K+ channels, such as Ca2+-activated and ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the smooth muscle resulting in biphasic changes of arteriolar diameter. Because H2O2 at low micromolar concentrations activates several intrinsic mechanisms, we suggest that H2O2 contributes to the local regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

scholarly journals Is Sympathetic Restraint of Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow Present During Exercise?

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Barrett‐O'Keefe ◽  
Stephen J. Ives ◽  
Joel D. Trinity ◽  
Melissa A.H. Witman ◽  
Matthew J. Rossman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow

scholarly journals PL - 031 Skeletal muscle blood flow determination using gold standard invasive arterial input function and non-invasive image-based input function by positron emission tomography (PET)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilkka Heinonen ◽  
Kari Kalliokoski ◽  
Vesa Oikonen ◽  
Christopher Mawhinney ◽  
Warren Gregson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Arterial Input Function ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Input Function ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Arterial Blood

Objective Skeletal muscle is unique among organs in that its blood flow, thus oxygen supply that is critical for muscular function, can change over a remarkably large range. Compared to the rest, muscle blood flow can increase over 20-fold during intense exercise. Positron emission tomography (PET) and [15O]-H2O tracer provide a unique tool for the direct measurement of muscle blood flow in specific muscle regions. Quantification of PET blood flow requires knowledge of the arterial input function, which is usually provided by arterial blood sampling. However, arterial sampling is an invasive approach requiring arterial cannulation. In the current study, we aimed to explore the analysis and error estimation based on non-invasive, PET image-based input function for skeletal muscle blood flow in PET [15O]-labeled radiowater study. Methods Thirty healthy untrained men volunteered to participate in this study. [15O]-labeled radio water PET perfusion scans were performed at rest and right after cycling exercise. GE Discovery PET-CT scanner was used for image acquisition. The 15O isotope was produced with a Cyclone 3 cyclotron (IBA Molecular, Belgium). After 455 MBq of 15O-H2O was injected intravenously and after 20 seconds, dynamic scanning images were performed in following frames: 6x5 seconds, 12x10 seconds, 7x30 seconds and 12x10 seconds. Arterial blood was sampled continuously from radial artery during imaging for radioactivity with a detector during PET scanning. All the data analysis was performed using all in-house developed programs. Arterial input function was preprocessed with delay correction. Image-based input function was defined based on sum image of dynamic images. Blood flow was calculated using the 1-tissue compartment model, k1 is considered as blood flow without any further correction. All data analysis was performed by Carimas software (http://www.turkupetcentre.fi/carimas). Data analysis was performed in five parts: 1) Modelling data using input function from artery. 2) By defining femoral artery Volume Of Interest (VOI) on PET images. 3) Modelling data using image-based input function. 4) Calculating the correlation for blood flow between artery (blood) input function and image-based input function. 5) Predicted true blood flow was calculated based on correlation based on the initial linear relationship between blood and image-based input functions. Results Skeletal muscle blood flow had a good linear relationship calculated by femoral artery VOI and by arterial (blood) input function (y = 2,9587x - 0,096, R² = 0,8852, p<0.0001). Further, by using the prediction equation obtained by the linear relationship between VOI-determined (femoral) artery blood flow and direct gold standard (radial) artery input function determined blood flow, image-based input function determined blood flow was well predicted using this non-invasive approach (y = 1,1812x + 0,1219, R² = 0,9259, p<0.0001). Conclusions It is concluded that there is a strong linear correlation between gold standard invasive approach and non-invasive image-based approach to measure skeletal muscle blood flow by PET, but if no further corrections are made, image-based approach overestimates correct blood flow. However, this can be corrected by linear prediction equation, suggesting that invasive arterial input function may not always be needed in the future when measuring skeletal muscle blood flow by PET. This will be of benefit particularly for exercise studies.

Impact of Changes in Tissue Optical Properties on Near-Infrared Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy Measures of Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles F. Bartlett ◽  
Scott M. Jordan ◽  
Dennis M. Hueber ◽  
Michael D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Tissue Optical Properties

Near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is increasingly utilized to study relative changes in skeletal muscle blood flow. However, most diffuse correlation spectrometers assume that tissue optical properties- such as absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μ's) coefficients- remain constant during physiological provocations, which is untrue for skeletal muscle. Here, we interrogate how changes in tissue μa and μ's affect DCS calculations of blood flow index (BFI). We recalculated BFI using raw autocorrelation curves and μa/μ's values recorded during a reactive hyperemia protocol in 16 healthy young individuals. First, we show that incorrectly assuming baseline μa and μ's substantially affects peak BFI and BFI slope when expressed in absolute terms (cm2/s, p<0.01) but these differences are abolished when expressed in relative terms (% baseline). Next, to evaluate the impact of physiologic changes in μa and μ's, we compared peak BFI and BFI slope when μa and μ's were held constant throughout the reactive hyperemia protocol versus integrated from a 3s-rolling average. Regardless of approach, group means for peak BFI and BFI slope did not differ. Group means for peak BFI and BFI slope were also similar following ad absurdum analyses, where we simulated supraphysiologic changes in μa/μ's. In both cases, however, we identified individual cases where peak BFI and BFI slope were indeed affected, with this result being driven by relative changes in μa over μ's. Overall, these results provide support for past reports in which μa/μ's were held constant but also advocate for real-time incorporation of μa and μ's moving forward.

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